{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155959539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","title":"Biased discriminant analysis using composite vectors for eye detection","display_name":"Biased discriminant analysis using composite vectors for eye detection","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155959539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","mag":"2155959539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013331365","display_name":"Chunghoon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunghoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018199600","display_name":"Matthew Turk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-0198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Turk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113465621","display_name":"Chong\u2010Ho Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong-Ho Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013331365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1318164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6791782379150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6544999480247498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6110803484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5840893387794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5575686693191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-number","display_name":"Composite number","score":0.5504494905471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5417999625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.526703417301178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haar-like-features","display_name":"Haar-like features","score":0.4932019114494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4661124348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.45400428771972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3655405044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.28724661469459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.25690957903862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.24172231554985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20433008670806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10546573996543884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6791782379150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6544999480247498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6110803484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5840893387794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5575686693191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.5504494905471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5417999625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.526703417301178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123134398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493819","display_name":"Haar-like features","level":5,"score":0.4932019114494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4661124348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.45400428771972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3655405044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.28724661469459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.25690957903862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.24172231554985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20433008670806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10546573996543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2008.4813371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499291582","https://openalex.org/W1524901924","https://openalex.org/W1606474234","https://openalex.org/W1972481333","https://openalex.org/W1974711186","https://openalex.org/W2006793117","https://openalex.org/W2008668064","https://openalex.org/W2012352340","https://openalex.org/W2014877585","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2046316995","https://openalex.org/W2046399019","https://openalex.org/W2081454528","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2100115174","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2107634464","https://openalex.org/W2110329341","https://openalex.org/W2113817964","https://openalex.org/W2115763357","https://openalex.org/W2119635426","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2124722975","https://openalex.org/W2130847059","https://openalex.org/W2131673214","https://openalex.org/W2131800158","https://openalex.org/W2133604244","https://openalex.org/W2136730584","https://openalex.org/W2138229781","https://openalex.org/W2143304178","https://openalex.org/W2144245116","https://openalex.org/W2146092908","https://openalex.org/W2151129315","https://openalex.org/W2155535585","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2159871518","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2548197316","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3146003712","https://openalex.org/W4298266977","https://openalex.org/W6679997144","https://openalex.org/W6680506635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209088864","https://openalex.org/W2135696199","https://openalex.org/W2353818951","https://openalex.org/W2250488071","https://openalex.org/W2356150353","https://openalex.org/W1605879311","https://openalex.org/W2380744779","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W1999647744","https://openalex.org/W2088542616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,17,22,43,55,128],"new":[3],"discriminant":[4,57],"analysis":[5,58],"using":[6,59],"composite":[7,13,30,63,83],"vectors":[8,31],"for":[9,71,97,132],"eye":[10,72],"detection.":[11],"A":[12],"vector":[14],"consists":[15],"of":[16,19,29,46,49,62,114],"number":[18],"pixels":[20],"inside":[21],"window":[23],"on":[24],"an":[25],"image.":[26],"The":[27,51,94],"covariance":[28,48,61],"is":[32,54],"obtained":[33,85],"from":[34,86],"their":[35],"inner":[36],"product":[37],"and":[38,82,100,121],"can":[39],"be":[40],"considered":[41],"as":[42,117],"generalized":[44],"form":[45],"the":[47,60,66,79,91,98,105,133],"pixels.":[50],"proposed":[52,106],"C-BDA":[53,87],"biased":[56],"vectors.":[64],"In":[65,124],"hybrid":[67],"cascade":[68],"detector":[69,107],"constructed":[70],"detection,":[73],"Haar-like":[74],"features":[75,84],"are":[76,88],"used":[77,89],"in":[78,90],"earlier":[80],"stages":[81],"later":[92],"stages.":[93],"experimental":[95],"results":[96],"CMU":[99,134],"Yale":[101],"databases":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"provides":[108,127],"robust":[109],"performance":[110],"to":[111],"several":[112],"kinds":[113],"variations":[115],"such":[116],"facial":[118],"pose,":[119],"illumination,":[120],"closed":[122],"eyes.":[123],"particular,":[125],"it":[126],"99.4%":[129],"detection":[130],"rate":[131],"images":[135],"without":[136],"glasses.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}