{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148435414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","title":"Active morphable model: an efficient method for face analysis","display_name":"Active morphable model: an efficient method for face analysis","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148435414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","mag":"2148435414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451919","display_name":"Xun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6294-8153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065063835","display_name":"Changshui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8088-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changshui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457342","display_name":"Thomas S. Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-5859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.S. Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71073007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1537","issue":null,"first_page":"837","last_page":"842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7787811160087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7043883204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5856001973152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5789031982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5726875066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.5109690427780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.5035194754600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4874008297920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.44248688220977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4415892958641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.42663952708244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40366190671920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38766929507255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36838483810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.35465481877326965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19797632098197937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7787811160087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7043883204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5856001973152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5789031982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5726875066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.5109690427780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.5035194754600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4874008297920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.44248688220977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4415892958641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.42663952708244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40366190671920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38766929507255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36838483810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35465481877326965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19797632098197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.94.8385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.94.8385","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.au.tsinghua.edu.cn/szll/bodao/zhangchangshui/bigeye/paper/XuX04FG_AMM.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485879728","https://openalex.org/W1493385272","https://openalex.org/W1925034021","https://openalex.org/W1938714998","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2097873612","https://openalex.org/W2118877769","https://openalex.org/W2120654454","https://openalex.org/W2123116174","https://openalex.org/W2148169320","https://openalex.org/W2152826766","https://openalex.org/W2158054470","https://openalex.org/W2172803778","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W6629111602","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6678465125","https://openalex.org/W6682634897","https://openalex.org/W6682951330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206903459","https://openalex.org/W2754816816","https://openalex.org/W4366280654","https://openalex.org/W3160167280","https://openalex.org/W4231621013","https://openalex.org/W4362706668","https://openalex.org/W3008318776","https://openalex.org/W1977633006","https://openalex.org/W2041416246","https://openalex.org/W3020853991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multidimensional":[0],"Morphable":[1,23,44,51,93],"Model":[2,24,45,52],"is":[3,30,47,58,83,106,117],"a":[4,26,37,78,92],"powerful":[5],"model":[6,75],"to":[7,20,25,108,121,137],"analyze":[8],"and":[9,72,101,116,131,141],"synthesize":[10],"human":[11],"faces.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,22,64,69,74,109,113,139,144],"stochastic":[15],"gradient":[16],"descent":[17],"algorithm":[18,61],"adopted":[19],"match":[21,122],"novel":[27,70,123],"face":[28,114],"image":[29],"not":[31],"efficient":[32,39,85],"enough.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"very":[38],"optimization":[40,88],"method":[41],"devised":[42],"for":[43],"matching":[46,91,102],"proposed,":[48],"called":[49],"Active":[50],"(AMM).":[53],"The":[54],"kernel":[55],"of":[56,112,143],"AMM":[57,82],"an":[59],"iterative":[60],"directly":[62],"utilizing":[63],"heuristic":[65],"information":[66],"provided":[67],"by":[68],"image,":[71],"updating":[73],"parameters":[76],"in":[77,90,128],"computationally":[79],"economic":[80],"fashion.":[81],"more":[84],"than":[86],"general":[87],"methods":[89],"Model,":[94],"it":[95,105],"has":[96],"much":[97],"higher":[98],"convergent":[99],"rate":[100],"speed.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"insensitive":[107],"initial":[110],"estimation":[111],"pose,":[115],"robust":[118],"when":[119],"used":[120],"faces":[124],"with":[125],"large":[126],"variations":[127],"translation,":[129],"rotation":[130],"scaling.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"are":[135],"given":[136],"validate":[138],"efficiency":[140],"robustness":[142],"proposed":[145],"method.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
