{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155535585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","title":"Robust precise eye location under probabilistic framework","display_name":"Robust precise eye location under probabilistic framework","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155535585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","mag":"2155535585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002618865","display_name":"Yong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-0662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019552689","display_name":"Xiaoqing Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqing Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060806866","display_name":"Zhenger Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenger Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058107332","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and System, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4974,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98628999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"339","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7613617777824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7590535879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6839344501495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6466909646987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5980368852615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.5626581311225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4760536849498749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4709770679473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43038302659988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.4206869900226593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613617777824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7590535879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6839344501495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6466909646987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5980368852615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.5626581311225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4760536849498749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4709770679473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43038302659988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.4206869900226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541806795","https://openalex.org/W1927491301","https://openalex.org/W1963504747","https://openalex.org/W1975515564","https://openalex.org/W2008999667","https://openalex.org/W2020741953","https://openalex.org/W2022574588","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2048763789","https://openalex.org/W2095315834","https://openalex.org/W2112076978","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2116088146","https://openalex.org/W2124666259","https://openalex.org/W2132324157","https://openalex.org/W2159857630","https://openalex.org/W2162136544","https://openalex.org/W2163030924","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2171048379","https://openalex.org/W4247436649","https://openalex.org/W6640526979","https://openalex.org/W6655484430","https://openalex.org/W6664369029","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6678662178","https://openalex.org/W6684177424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234886518","https://openalex.org/W2389591058","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"feature":[1],"location":[2,125,143,151],"is":[3,31,55,94,147],"an":[4,51],"important":[5],"step":[6],"in":[7,25,77,164],"automatic":[8],"visual":[9],"interpretation":[10],"and":[11,45,62,84,96,122,159],"human":[12],"face":[13,26,145,154],"recognition.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"paper,":[17],"a":[18,36],"novel":[19],"approach":[20],"for":[21],"locating":[22,35],"eye":[23,53,64,86,92,104,120,142],"centers":[24],"areas":[27,42],"under":[28],"probabilistic":[29],"framework":[30,166],"devised.":[32],"After":[33],"grossly":[34],"face,":[37],"we":[38],"first":[39],"find":[40],"the":[41,59,70,81,102,137,165],"which":[43],"left":[44,61,83],"right":[46,63,85],"eyes":[47],"lies":[48],"in.":[49],"Then":[50],"appearance-based":[52],"detector":[54],"used":[56],"to":[57,67,74,99],"detect":[58],"possible":[60,91],"separately.":[65],"According":[66,98],"their":[68,100],"probabilities,":[69,101],"candidates":[71,87],"are":[72,88,106],"subsampled":[73],"merge":[75],"those":[76],"near":[78],"positions.":[79],"Finally,":[80],"remaining":[82],"paired;":[89],"each":[90],"pair":[93],"normalized":[95],"verified.":[97],"precise":[103],"positions":[105],"decided.":[107],"The":[108,150],"experimental":[109],"results":[110],"demonstrate":[111],"that":[112],"our":[113],"method":[114],"can":[115,161],"effectively":[116],"cope":[117],"with":[118],"different":[119],"variations":[121],"achieve":[123],"better":[124],"performance":[126],"on":[127,144],"diverse":[128],"test":[129],"sets":[130],"than":[131],"some":[132],"newly":[133],"proposed":[134],"methods.":[135],"And":[136],"influence":[138],"of":[139,141,152],"precision":[140],"recognition":[146],"also":[148],"probed.":[149],"other":[153],"organs":[155],"such":[156],"as":[157],"mouth":[158],"nose":[160],"be":[162],"incorporated":[163],"easily.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
