{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110459882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","title":"Gabor feature based face recognition using kernel methods","display_name":"Gabor feature based face recognition using kernel methods","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110459882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","mag":"2110459882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109508986","display_name":"Linlin Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LinLin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & IT, University of Nottingham, UK","Sch. of Comput. Sci. & IT, Nottingham Univ., UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & IT, University of Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. Sci. & IT, Nottingham Univ., UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108104412","display_name":"Li Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & IT, University of Nottingham, UK","Sch. of Comput. Sci. & IT, Nottingham Univ., UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & IT, University of Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. Sci. & IT, Nottingham Univ., UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92786192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"170","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.8631660342216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8274575471878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","score":0.7751789093017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6866848468780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6547388434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-fisher-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis","score":0.6360224485397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-wavelet","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","score":0.6296645402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6143865585327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6018705368041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5948365330696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5298580527305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5190508961677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.49410417675971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41965746879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4159405827522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3926886320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.3660493791103363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.3136264681816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.2517549395561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.23710814118385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.167962908744812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8631660342216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8274575471878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182335926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093020","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","level":4,"score":0.7751789093017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6866848468780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6547388434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181367576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6394184","display_name":"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis","level":4,"score":0.6360224485397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136902061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16981559","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","level":5,"score":0.6296645402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6143865585327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6018705368041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5948365330696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5298580527305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5190508961677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.49410417675971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41965746879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4159405827522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3926886320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.3660493791103363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3136264681816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.2517549395561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.23710814118385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.167962908744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1031167700","https://openalex.org/W1756633271","https://openalex.org/W1823325679","https://openalex.org/W2021012145","https://openalex.org/W2026374882","https://openalex.org/W2028325389","https://openalex.org/W2041657594","https://openalex.org/W2049694710","https://openalex.org/W2072306277","https://openalex.org/W2088032561","https://openalex.org/W2091362742","https://openalex.org/W2095757522","https://openalex.org/W2098684142","https://openalex.org/W2100013061","https://openalex.org/W2103971661","https://openalex.org/W2104598610","https://openalex.org/W2104908641","https://openalex.org/W2111146558","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2124351082","https://openalex.org/W2127651741","https://openalex.org/W2129407254","https://openalex.org/W2129556265","https://openalex.org/W2135188079","https://openalex.org/W2138100172","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2143389128","https://openalex.org/W2144143728","https://openalex.org/W2148369500","https://openalex.org/W2156404139","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2179426874","https://openalex.org/W2180187800","https://openalex.org/W2747048292","https://openalex.org/W6675924963","https://openalex.org/W6679118701","https://openalex.org/W6681936375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905418897","https://openalex.org/W1607829095","https://openalex.org/W1982817239","https://openalex.org/W3033319502","https://openalex.org/W3093470103","https://openalex.org/W2046363782","https://openalex.org/W2375053148","https://openalex.org/W1967057085","https://openalex.org/W1980862902","https://openalex.org/W1995477328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,59],"novel":[1],"Gabor-kernel":[2],"face":[3,15,64,69,131],"recognition":[4,123],"method":[5,120],"is":[6,71],"proposed":[7],"in":[8],"this":[9],"paper.":[10],"This":[11],"involves":[12],"convolving":[13],"a":[14,18,130],"image":[16],"with":[17],"series":[19],"of":[20,61,82,112,129],"Gabor":[21,103,117],"wavelets":[22],"at":[23],"different":[24],"scales,":[25],"locations,":[26],"and":[27,38,91],"orientations.":[28],"Kernel":[29,83],"methods":[30,84],"such":[31],"as":[32,53,55],"kernel":[33,39],"principal":[34,87],"component":[35,88],"analysis":[36,41,89,94],"(KPCA)":[37],"discriminant":[40,93],"(KDA)":[42],"are":[43,98,106],"then":[44],"applied":[45],"to":[46,73],"the":[47,67,75,80,102,113],"feature":[48,109],"vectors":[49],"for":[50,108],"dimension":[51],"reduction":[52],"well":[54],"class":[56],"separability":[57],"enhancement.":[58],"database":[60,70],"600":[62],"frontal-view":[63],"images":[65,105],"from":[66],"FERET":[68],"used":[72,107],"test":[74],"method.":[76],"Experimental":[77],"results":[78],"demonstrate":[79],"advantage":[81],"over":[85],"classical":[86],"(PCA)":[90],"linear":[92],"(LDA).":[95],"Significant":[96],"improvements":[97],"also":[99],"observed":[100],"when":[101],"filtered":[104],"extraction":[110],"instead":[111],"original":[114],"images.":[115],"The":[116],"+":[118],"KDA":[119],"achieves":[121],"92%":[122],"accuracy":[124],"using":[125],"only":[126],"35":[127],"features":[128],"image.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}