{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2112000778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","title":"Face recognition from video: a CONDENSATION approach","display_name":"Face recognition from video: a CONDENSATION approach","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2112000778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","mag":"2112000778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028465673","display_name":"S. Kevin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-4444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109357557","display_name":"Volker Krueger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Krueger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102762707","display_name":"Rama Chellappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Chellappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Res., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"221","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5694486498832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5685977935791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5655232667922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5368813276290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5219311714172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-vector","display_name":"State vector","score":0.5013866424560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4564400613307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-variable","display_name":"State variable","score":0.4489891529083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.44710901379585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posterior-probability","display_name":"Posterior probability","score":0.44655317068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degeneracy","display_name":"Degeneracy (biology)","score":0.4344099760055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.43382757902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-probability-distribution","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","score":0.4221142530441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4036807417869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34927499294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32551491260528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.12090909481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10213899612426758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5694486498832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5685977935791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5655232667922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5368813276290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5219311714172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777798563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603916","display_name":"State vector","level":2,"score":0.5013866424560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4564400613307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129537906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603913","display_name":"State variable","level":2,"score":0.4489891529083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.44710901379585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57830394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278079","display_name":"Posterior probability","level":3,"score":0.44655317068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777727622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251772","display_name":"Degeneracy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4344099760055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.43382757902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18653775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333358","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.4221142530441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4036807417869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34927499294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32551491260528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.12090909481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10213899612426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2002.1004158","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.3.8222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.8222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cfar.umd.edu/~shaohua/papers/zhou02fg.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.5.6384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.5.6384","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://degas.umiacs.umd.edu/Hid/kevin_fg02.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:3c89e39d-cb4d-4a00-8813-9f86bf431c59","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3c89e39d-cb4d-4a00-8813-9f86bf431c59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/b4b9abd0-9c2d-11db-8ed6-000ea68e967b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/b4b9abd0-9c2d-11db-8ed6-000ea68e967b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhou, S, Kr\u00fcger, V & Chellappa, R 2002, Face Recognition from Video: A CONDENSATION Approach. in Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Communications and Information Technology Association, The fifth international conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Washington DC, United States, 20/05/2002.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20612214","https://openalex.org/W1481420047","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2064480843","https://openalex.org/W2077611006","https://openalex.org/W2095757522","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2108212603","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2126736494","https://openalex.org/W2131273085","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W3215887389","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600853638","https://openalex.org/W6676138164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2555558540","https://openalex.org/W2275105002","https://openalex.org/W208959938","https://openalex.org/W2166947486","https://openalex.org/W1968669926","https://openalex.org/W2348861485","https://openalex.org/W2404256510","https://openalex.org/W2323188728","https://openalex.org/W637044931","https://openalex.org/W2488429990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,142],"aim":[1],"of":[2,21,54,79,101,105,113,123,144],"this":[3,145],"work":[4],"is":[5,87,127,136,147],"to":[6,9,66,71,96,110,129],"investigate":[7],"how":[8],"exploit":[10],"the":[11,19,25,50,72,75,80,84,93,102,106,111,120,124],"temporal":[12],"information":[13],"in":[14,27,119,140],"a":[15,34,39,44,59,68,98,117],"video":[16,154],"sequence":[17],"for":[18],"task":[20],"face":[22],"recognition.":[23,132],"Following":[24],"approach":[26,65,146],"(Li":[28],"and":[29,43,52,62,83,115],"Chellappa,":[30],"2000),":[31],"we":[32,89],"propose":[33],"probabilistic":[35],"model":[36],"parameterized":[37],"by":[38],"tracking":[40],"state":[41,81,94],"vector":[42,82,95],"recognizing":[45],"identity":[46,53,85,107,114,125],"variable,":[47],"simultaneously":[48],"characterizing":[49],"kinematics":[51],"humans.":[55],"We":[56],"then":[57],"invoke":[58],"CONDENSATION":[60],"(Isard":[61],"Blake,":[63],"1996)":[64],"provide":[67],"numerical":[69],"solution":[70],"model.":[73],"Once":[74],"joint":[76],"posterior":[77,103,121],"distribution":[78,104,122],"variable":[86,126],"estimated,":[88],"marginalize":[90],"it":[91],"over":[92],"yield":[97],"robust":[99],"estimate":[100],"variable.":[108],"Due":[109],"propagation":[112],"dynamics,":[116],"degeneracy":[118],"achieved":[128],"give":[130],"improved":[131],"This":[133],"evolving":[134],"behavior":[135],"characterized":[137],"using":[138,149],"changes":[139],"entropy.":[141],"effectiveness":[143],"illustrated":[148],"experimental":[150],"results":[151],"on":[152],"low-resolution":[153],"data.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}