{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131269936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055","title":"Invisible Ears at Your Fingertips: Acoustic Eavesdropping via Mouse Sensors","display_name":"Invisible Ears at Your Fingertips: Acoustic Eavesdropping via Mouse Sensors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131269936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093713857","display_name":"Mohamad Fakih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5205-0112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Habib Fakih","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093713858","display_name":"Rahul Dharmaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5424-9702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Dharmaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126692921","display_name":"Youssef Mahmoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youssef Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126735558","display_name":"Halima Bouzidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halima Bouzidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126696728","display_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Irvine,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093713857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88315928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"583","last_page":"597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.10620000213384628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.10620000213384628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.04740000143647194,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polling","display_name":"Polling","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microphone","display_name":"Microphone","score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.30970001220703125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204854418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362921","display_name":"Polling","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac67867.2025.00055","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510355813","https://openalex.org/W1552314771","https://openalex.org/W1977985044","https://openalex.org/W1978401434","https://openalex.org/W1992291252","https://openalex.org/W2013645463","https://openalex.org/W2018030106","https://openalex.org/W2047188941","https://openalex.org/W2096907171","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2113131123","https://openalex.org/W2128025167","https://openalex.org/W2135486871","https://openalex.org/W2141998673","https://openalex.org/W2144561273","https://openalex.org/W2149359921","https://openalex.org/W2227374263","https://openalex.org/W2324863494","https://openalex.org/W2483158495","https://openalex.org/W2544267540","https://openalex.org/W2744769585","https://openalex.org/W2912147118","https://openalex.org/W2931586361","https://openalex.org/W2959137272","https://openalex.org/W2972801577","https://openalex.org/W3007498683","https://openalex.org/W3023104975","https://openalex.org/W3033804066","https://openalex.org/W3109500059","https://openalex.org/W3134997617","https://openalex.org/W3135842529","https://openalex.org/W3181365563","https://openalex.org/W4221084751","https://openalex.org/W4226036494","https://openalex.org/W4244665401","https://openalex.org/W4252713891","https://openalex.org/W4282960242","https://openalex.org/W4282968709","https://openalex.org/W4283211061","https://openalex.org/W4308219402","https://openalex.org/W4315629603","https://openalex.org/W4366386344","https://openalex.org/W4380926246","https://openalex.org/W4384519280","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386243293","https://openalex.org/W4389619460","https://openalex.org/W7084052289"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"optical":[1,34,56],"mouse":[2,35,78,91,145],"sensors,":[3],"with":[4],"their":[5],"advanced":[6],"precision":[7],"and":[8,67,105,126,148,154,190,196],"high":[9],"responsiveness,":[10],"possess":[11],"an":[12,127],"often":[13],"overlooked":[14],"vulnerability:":[15],"they":[16],"can":[17,47,65],"be":[18],"exploited":[19],"for":[20,171],"side-channel":[21,29],"attacks.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"introduces":[25],"Mic-E-Mouse,":[26],"the":[27,86,136,162,188],"first-ever":[28],"attack":[30],"that":[31,44,120],"targets":[32],"high-performance":[33],"sensors":[36],"to":[37,76,98,168,185],"covertly":[38],"eavesdrop":[39],"on":[40,61,187,201],"users.":[41],"We":[42,134],"demonstrate":[43,177],"audio":[45],"signals":[46,88],"induce":[48],"subtle":[49],"surface":[50,150],"vibrations":[51],"detectable":[52],"by":[53,166],"a":[54,101,114,178],"mouse's":[55],"sensor.":[57],"Remarkably,":[58],"user-space":[59],"software":[60],"popular":[62],"operating":[63],"systems":[64],"collect":[66],"broadcast":[68],"this":[69],"sensitive":[70],"side":[71],"channel,":[72],"granting":[73],"attackers":[74],"access":[75],"raw":[77],"data":[79,92,117],"without":[80],"requiring":[81],"direct":[82],"system-level":[83],"permissions.":[84],"Initially,":[85],"vibration":[87],"extracted":[89],"from":[90],"are":[93,198],"of":[94,182],"poor":[95],"quality":[96],"due":[97],"non-uniform":[99],"sampling,":[100],"non-linear":[102],"frequency":[103],"response,":[104],"significant":[106],"quantization.":[107],"To":[108],"overcome":[109],"these":[110],"limitations,":[111],"Mic-E-Mouse":[112,160,202],"employs":[113],"sophisticated":[115],"end-to-end":[116],"filtering":[118,132],"pipeline":[119],"combines":[121],"Wiener":[122],"filtering,":[123],"resampling":[124],"corrections,":[125],"innovative":[128],"encoder-only":[129],"spectrogram":[130],"neural":[131],"technique.":[133],"evaluate":[135],"attack's":[137],"efficacy":[138],"across":[139],"diverse":[140],"conditions,":[141],"including":[142],"speaking":[143],"volume,":[144],"polling":[146],"rate":[147],"DPI,":[149],"materials,":[151],"speaker":[152],"languages,":[153],"environmental":[155],"noise.":[156],"In":[157],"controlled":[158],"environments,":[159],"improves":[161],"signal-to-noise":[163],"ratio":[164],"(SNR)":[165],"up":[167],"+19":[169],"dB":[170],"speech":[172,179],"reconstruction.":[173],"Furthermore,":[174],"our":[175,194],"results":[176],"recognition":[180],"accuracy":[181],"roughly":[183],"42%":[184],"61%":[186],"AudioMNIST":[189],"VCTK":[191],"datasets.":[192],"All":[193],"code":[195],"datasets":[197],"publicly":[199],"accessible":[200],"website<sup":[203],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[204,206],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sup><sup":[205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sup>https://sites.google.com/view/mic-e-mouse.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T21:11:00.739837","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}