{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408566059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028","title":"Web-Armour: Mitigating Reconnaissance and Vulnerability Scanning with Scan-Impeding Delays in Web Deployments","display_name":"Web-Armour: Mitigating Reconnaissance and Vulnerability Scanning with Scan-Impeding Delays in Web Deployments","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408566059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080830197","display_name":"Yousif Dafalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-7367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousif Dafalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115552964","display_name":"Dalton A. Brucker-Hahn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalton A. Brucker-Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories,Livermore,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories,Livermore,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036211273","display_name":"Drew Davidson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5096-1446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034290852","display_name":"Alexandru G. Bardas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3043-5905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandru G. Bardas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas,EECS and I2S,Lawrence,KS,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080830197"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26255021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"144","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.7181129455566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armour","display_name":"Armour","score":0.6683733463287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6453964710235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5342819690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.43624603748321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37873709201812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3319774270057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1261824071407318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.7181129455566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73492039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377804","display_name":"Armour","level":3,"score":0.6683733463287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6453964710235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5342819690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.43624603748321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37873709201812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3319774270057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1261824071407318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489243061","https://openalex.org/W1612694023","https://openalex.org/W1861561811","https://openalex.org/W1986495842","https://openalex.org/W2009250465","https://openalex.org/W2066654186","https://openalex.org/W2106306039","https://openalex.org/W2536759866","https://openalex.org/W2725073272","https://openalex.org/W2761255583","https://openalex.org/W2809494870","https://openalex.org/W2981181114","https://openalex.org/W3130542705","https://openalex.org/W4234892460","https://openalex.org/W4366545044","https://openalex.org/W4367047298","https://openalex.org/W4407208690","https://openalex.org/W6610362903","https://openalex.org/W6754357002","https://openalex.org/W6766660060","https://openalex.org/W6766950264","https://openalex.org/W6783996346","https://openalex.org/W6789025524","https://openalex.org/W6882111738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883246888","https://openalex.org/W2370114625","https://openalex.org/W1756374135","https://openalex.org/W2062873522","https://openalex.org/W2947584067","https://openalex.org/W2280562859","https://openalex.org/W230721595","https://openalex.org/W3157230915","https://openalex.org/W1496728123","https://openalex.org/W2789975780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconnaissance":[0],"is":[1,179],"a":[2,11,21,60,68,78,108,147,187],"critical":[3],"phase":[4],"in":[5,107,116,136,146],"many":[6,40,158],"cyber":[7],"attacks.":[8],"Vulnerability":[9],"scanning,":[10,39,94],"key":[12],"component":[13],"of":[14,41,77],"reconnaissance,":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"shown":[18],"to":[19,63,72,88,98,132,142,151,154,163,168,176],"be":[20,45,183],"widespread":[22],"phenomenon":[23],"on":[24],"the":[25,35,84,172,191],"internet":[26],"and":[27,92,115,140,181],"commonly":[28],"targets":[29],"web":[30,79],"application/server":[31],"deployments.":[32],"By":[33],"increasing":[34],"costs":[36],"for":[37,51,86,101],"vulnerability":[38,93],"these":[42],"attacks":[43],"may":[44,129],"deterred":[46],"or":[47],"even":[48],"prevented,":[49],"especially":[50],"large-scale,":[52],"internet-wide":[53],"campaigns.In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"Web-Armour,":[59,121],"mitigation":[61],"approach":[62],"adversarial":[64],"reconnaissance.":[65],"Operating":[66],"as":[67,184,186],"delay":[69],"injection":[70],"mechanism":[71],"infrequently":[73],"executed":[74],"code":[75],"portions":[76],"deployment,":[80],"Web-Armour":[81,106],"significantly":[82],"increases":[83],"cost":[85],"attackers":[87],"perform":[89],"automated":[90,126],"reconnaissance":[91],"while":[95],"introducing":[96],"minimal":[97],"negligible":[99],"impact":[100],"benign":[102,177],"users.":[103],"We":[104],"evaluated":[105],"live":[109],"environment,":[110],"operated":[111],"by":[112],"real":[113],"users,":[114],"controlled":[117],"(offline)":[118],"scenarios.":[119],"Using":[120],"our":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"scanning":[127,160],"tools":[128,161],"require":[130],"up":[131,141],"396":[133],"times":[134,144],"longer":[135,145],"an":[137],"offline":[138],"setting,":[139],"357":[143],"real-world":[148],"operational":[149],"deployment":[150],"complete":[152,164],"compared":[153],"unprotected":[155],"installations.":[156],"In":[157],"instances,":[159],"fail":[162],"their":[165],"tasks,":[166],"due":[167],"request":[169],"timeouts.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"performance":[173],"overhead":[174],"incurred":[175],"users":[178],"minimal,":[180],"can":[182],"low":[185],"0.6%":[188],"increase":[189],"over":[190],"baseline.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}