{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362650874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992","title":"The Invariant Ground Truth of Affect","display_name":"The Invariant Ground Truth of Affect","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362650874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057445534","display_name":"Konstantinos Makantasis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0889-2766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Makantasis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056006892","display_name":"Kosmas Pinitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-682X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kosmas Pinitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012075090","display_name":"Antonios Liapis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-1961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Liapis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102978041","display_name":"Georgios N. Yannakakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-4026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios N. Yannakakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta,Msida,Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79528898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.8824273347854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.7144113183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7108588218688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6206247210502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.612541675567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5291429162025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5164230465888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4390491843223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4225258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4151949882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3684316873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3484364151954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27560776472091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.16402772068977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15848305821418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.08360382914543152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8824273347854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.7144113183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7108588218688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6206247210502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.612541675567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5291429162025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5164230465888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4390491843223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4225258231163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4151949882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3684316873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3484364151954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27560776472091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.16402772068977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15848305821418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.08360382914543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aciiw57231.2022.10085992","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 10th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126266486","https://openalex.org/W1972969203","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2028199062","https://openalex.org/W2031738304","https://openalex.org/W2045528981","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2049988375","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2075949491","https://openalex.org/W2093168265","https://openalex.org/W2102999520","https://openalex.org/W2110784166","https://openalex.org/W2126626732","https://openalex.org/W2133943399","https://openalex.org/W2157564217","https://openalex.org/W2158428778","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2181873835","https://openalex.org/W2492464543","https://openalex.org/W2551643663","https://openalex.org/W2558332556","https://openalex.org/W2571095927","https://openalex.org/W2592535880","https://openalex.org/W2621349708","https://openalex.org/W2626407095","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2765607255","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2766574478","https://openalex.org/W2900358852","https://openalex.org/W2905867642","https://openalex.org/W2966559104","https://openalex.org/W2994890005","https://openalex.org/W2996235414","https://openalex.org/W2996691129","https://openalex.org/W3009557165","https://openalex.org/W3094518473","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3125485760","https://openalex.org/W3133328577","https://openalex.org/W3135588948","https://openalex.org/W3182328899","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4234945501","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4286656544","https://openalex.org/W4288287305","https://openalex.org/W6684836731","https://openalex.org/W6729761961","https://openalex.org/W6735859517","https://openalex.org/W6774732393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372620761","https://openalex.org/W2614320617","https://openalex.org/W2915678288","https://openalex.org/W180255526","https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W133423432","https://openalex.org/W1937721613","https://openalex.org/W2497053598","https://openalex.org/W2070785621","https://openalex.org/W2476545830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affective":[0],"computing":[1],"strives":[2],"to":[3,26,35,46,116,213],"unveil":[4],"the":[5,27,36,52,84,89,92,99,124,133,179,196,202,210],"unknown":[6],"relationship":[7],"between":[8,136],"affect":[9,13,15,28,94,109,128,165,199,228],"elicitation,":[10,137],"manifestation":[11,138],"of":[12,20,39,108,113,127,181,198,204],"and":[14,41,87,91,139,146,163,172,194,223],"annotations.":[16],"The":[17,44],"ground":[18,106,125],"truth":[19,107,126],"affect,":[21],"however,":[22,60],"is":[23,49,62],"predominately":[24],"attributed":[25],"labels":[29],"which":[30],"inadvertently":[31],"include":[32],"biases":[33],"inherent":[34],"subjective":[37],"nature":[38],"emotion":[40],"its":[42],"labeling.":[43],"response":[45],"such":[47],"limitations":[48],"usually":[50],"augmenting":[51],"dataset":[53],"with":[54,184],"more":[55],"annotations":[56,85],"per":[57],"data":[58],"point;":[59],"this":[61,207],"not":[63],"possible":[64],"when":[65],"we":[66,121,152],"are":[67,168],"interested":[68],"in":[69,132,160,217],"self-reports":[70],"via":[71],"first-person":[72],"annotation.":[73],"Moreover,":[74],"outlier":[75],"detection":[76],"methods":[77,156],"based":[78],"on":[79],"inter-annotator":[80],"agreement":[81],"only":[82],"consider":[83],"themselves":[86],"ignore":[88],"context":[90],"corresponding":[93],"manifestation.":[95],"This":[96],"paper":[97],"reframes":[98],"ways":[100],"one":[101],"may":[102],"obtain":[103],"a":[104,221],"reliable":[105],"by":[110],"transferring":[111],"aspects":[112],"causation":[114,154,215],"theory":[115],"affective":[117,161,218],"computing.":[118],"In":[119],"particular,":[120],"assume":[122],"that":[123,141,167,188],"can":[129,190],"be":[130],"found":[131],"causal":[134],"relationships":[135],"annotation":[140],"remain":[142],"invariant":[143],"across":[144,170],"tasks":[145],"participants.":[147],"To":[148,201],"test":[149],"our":[150,176,205],"assumption":[151],"employ":[153],"inspired":[155],"for":[157],"detecting":[158],"outliers":[159,193],"corpora":[162],"building":[164],"models":[166],"robust":[169],"participants":[171],"tasks.":[173],"We":[174],"validate":[175],"methodology":[177],"within":[178],"domain":[180],"digital":[182],"games,":[183],"experimental":[185],"results":[186],"showing":[187],"it":[189],"successfully":[191],"detect":[192],"boost":[195],"accuracy":[197],"models.":[200],"best":[203],"knowledge,":[206],"study":[208],"presents":[209],"first":[211],"attempt":[212],"integrate":[214],"tools":[216],"computing,":[219],"making":[220],"crucial":[222],"decisive":[224],"step":[225],"towards":[226],"general":[227],"modeling.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}