{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995768824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","title":"Reconsidering the Duchenne Smile: Indicator of Positive Emotion or Artifact of Smile Intensity?","display_name":"Reconsidering the Duchenne Smile: Indicator of Positive Emotion or Artifact of Smile Intensity?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995768824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","mag":"2995768824","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32363090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7193529","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078452888","display_name":"Jeffrey M. Girard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-3746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey M. Girard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081366130","display_name":"Gayatri Shandar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gayatri Shandar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045702830","display_name":"Zhun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-8235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246394","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-1116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411653","display_name":"Lijun Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0343-7190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081398601","display_name":"Louis\u2010Philippe Morency","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis-Philippe Morency","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"594","last_page":"599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amusement","display_name":"Amusement","score":0.9266148805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.564274787902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5027916431427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.4209333658218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.38596802949905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.321169912815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.11419379711151123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2844542","display_name":"Amusement","level":2,"score":0.9266148805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.564274787902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5027916431427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.4209333658218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.38596802949905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.321169912815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.11419379711151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2019.8925535","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:32363090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32363090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops : [proceedings]. ACII (Conference)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7193529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7193529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Conf Affect Comput Intell Interact Workshops","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7193529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7193529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Conf Affect Comput Intell Interact Workshops","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1133040973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 MH096951","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613277099","https://openalex.org/W1634026491","https://openalex.org/W1974752902","https://openalex.org/W1982707943","https://openalex.org/W1985512654","https://openalex.org/W1997662771","https://openalex.org/W2007108705","https://openalex.org/W2018912457","https://openalex.org/W2024218186","https://openalex.org/W2036323635","https://openalex.org/W2037144083","https://openalex.org/W2041762088","https://openalex.org/W2057932134","https://openalex.org/W2070761315","https://openalex.org/W2072957267","https://openalex.org/W2073395356","https://openalex.org/W2073482763","https://openalex.org/W2088562144","https://openalex.org/W2102360969","https://openalex.org/W2106426159","https://openalex.org/W2121142672","https://openalex.org/W2124633402","https://openalex.org/W2124873081","https://openalex.org/W2125546432","https://openalex.org/W2127749082","https://openalex.org/W2128693204","https://openalex.org/W2132947339","https://openalex.org/W2139305976","https://openalex.org/W2141208341","https://openalex.org/W2141845152","https://openalex.org/W2144697550","https://openalex.org/W2145413816","https://openalex.org/W2145511413","https://openalex.org/W2163546575","https://openalex.org/W2164693396","https://openalex.org/W2302202015","https://openalex.org/W2390720302","https://openalex.org/W2470957930","https://openalex.org/W2503212997","https://openalex.org/W2525726046","https://openalex.org/W2744847839","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W2801776818","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3124625789","https://openalex.org/W4234880132","https://openalex.org/W4239085738","https://openalex.org/W4248681815","https://openalex.org/W4254346483","https://openalex.org/W4255000641","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2388412749","https://openalex.org/W2359419959","https://openalex.org/W1999564783","https://openalex.org/W2584215657","https://openalex.org/W2363529160","https://openalex.org/W2682407614","https://openalex.org/W2020799626","https://openalex.org/W2318316519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,128],"Duchenne":[1,225],"smile":[2,53,175,199,210,226,232],"hypothesis":[3,33,64],"is":[4,39,54,227],"that":[5,7,21,51,223],"smiles":[6,20,103,120,140],"include":[8],"eye":[9],"constriction":[10],"(AU6)":[11],"are":[12,24],"the":[13,49,135,145,154,165,188,203,207,224],"product":[14],"of":[15,80,147,190,209,231,241],"genuine":[16,106,123,242],"positive":[17,81,109,124,243],"emotion,":[18,82],"whereas":[19,206],"do":[22],"not":[23,114],"either":[25,55],"falsified":[26],"or":[27,57],"related":[28,104,121],"to":[29,47,105,122,163,180,186],"negative":[30,126],"emotion.":[31,127,244],"This":[32],"has":[34,65,98,113],"become":[35],"very":[36],"influential":[37],"and":[38,44,68,107,125,151,169,185,216,238],"often":[40],"used":[41,162],"in":[42,134],"scientific":[43],"applied":[45],"settings":[46],"justify":[48],"inference":[50],"a":[52,77,236],"true":[56],"false.":[58],"However,":[59],"empirical":[60],"support":[61,94],"for":[62,95,174,198],"this":[63,96,132],"been":[66,99,116],"equivocal":[67],"some":[69],"researchers":[70],"have":[71],"proposed":[72],"that,":[73],"rather":[74,234],"than":[75,235],"being":[76],"reliable":[78,237],"indicator":[79,240],"AU6":[83,168,184,191],"may":[84],"just":[85],"be":[86],"an":[87,229],"artifact":[88,230],"produced":[89],"by":[90,137],"intense":[91],"smiles.":[92],"Initial":[93],"proposal":[97],"found":[100],"when":[101,118],"comparing":[102,119],"feigned":[108],"emotion;":[110],"however,":[111],"it":[112],"yet":[115],"examined":[117],"current":[129],"study":[130],"addressed":[131],"gap":[133],"literature":[136],"examining":[138],"spontaneous":[139],"from":[141,183],"136":[142],"participants":[143],"during":[144],"elicitation":[146],"amusement,":[148],"embarrassment,":[149],"fear,":[150],"pain":[152],"(from":[153],"BP4D+":[155],"dataset).":[156],"Bayesian":[157],"multilevel":[158],"regression":[159],"models":[160],"were":[161,178],"quantify":[164],"associations":[166],"between":[167],"self-reported":[170],"amusement":[171,182],"while":[172],"controlling":[173,197],"intensity.":[176],"Models":[177],"estimated":[179],"infer":[181],"explain":[187],"intensity":[189,200,211,233],"using":[192],"amusement.":[193],"In":[194],"both":[195],"cases,":[196],"substantially":[201],"reduced":[202],"hypothesized":[204],"association,":[205],"effect":[208],"itself":[212],"was":[213],"quite":[214],"large":[215],"reliable.":[217],"These":[218],"results":[219],"provide":[220],"further":[221],"evidence":[222],"likely":[228],"unique":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
