{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034009865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.33","title":"Automatically Recognizing Facial Indicators of Frustration: A Learning-centric Analysis","display_name":"Automatically Recognizing Facial Indicators of Frustration: A Learning-centric Analysis","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034009865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.33","mag":"2034009865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acii.2013.33","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.33","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041587052","display_name":"Joseph F. Grafsgaard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph F. Grafsgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062259793","display_name":"Joseph B. Wiggins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-7080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph B. Wiggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549993","display_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202585","display_name":"Eric Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-5225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric N. Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","Dept. of Sci., Technol., Eng., & Math. Educ., North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Sci., Technol., Eng., & Math. Educ., North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96870955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13447","display_name":"Educational and Psychological Assessments","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frustration","display_name":"Frustration","score":0.8326306939125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6174688935279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5927305817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5617654323577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5309122800827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5204658508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.5062590837478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.47467970848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-environment","display_name":"Learning environment","score":0.445936918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.44021356105804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4153718948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3234940469264984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29027462005615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.22654709219932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.15246206521987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.11694332957267761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38710091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192242","display_name":"Frustration","level":2,"score":0.8326306939125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6174688935279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5927305817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5617654323577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5309122800827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5204658508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.5062590837478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.47467970848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778365744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2426689","display_name":"Learning environment","level":2,"score":0.445936918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.44021356105804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4153718948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3234940469264984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29027462005615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.22654709219932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.15246206521987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.11694332957267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acii.2013.33","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.33","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310013","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18680518","https://openalex.org/W19134375","https://openalex.org/W156649657","https://openalex.org/W176621977","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1918592146","https://openalex.org/W1929610448","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1973003216","https://openalex.org/W1993748501","https://openalex.org/W2006217447","https://openalex.org/W2032569355","https://openalex.org/W2046604164","https://openalex.org/W2049456899","https://openalex.org/W2072035149","https://openalex.org/W2087511931","https://openalex.org/W2088330360","https://openalex.org/W2100228623","https://openalex.org/W2117645142","https://openalex.org/W2119925967","https://openalex.org/W2127429655","https://openalex.org/W2129013408","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2172071592","https://openalex.org/W2407869609","https://openalex.org/W4255441728","https://openalex.org/W6640209506","https://openalex.org/W6714368783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380568010","https://openalex.org/W2370937237","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2773864994","https://openalex.org/W2775620487","https://openalex.org/W1997400788","https://openalex.org/W2112393832","https://openalex.org/W2722112567","https://openalex.org/W2115839364","https://openalex.org/W2777738607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affective":[0,13],"and":[1,40,100,126,139,160],"cognitive":[2],"processes":[3],"form":[4,184],"a":[5,34,67,71,172,175],"rich":[6],"substrate":[7],"on":[8,18,66],"which":[9,182],"learning":[10,19,31,46,113,140,161],"plays":[11],"out.":[12],"states":[14,44],"often":[15],"influence":[16],"progress":[17],"tasks,":[20],"resulting":[21],"in":[22],"positive":[23],"or":[24],"negative":[25],"cycles":[26],"of":[27,37,42,51,60,74,158,165,178,190],"affect":[28],"that":[29,85,147],"impact":[30],"outcomes.":[32],"Developing":[33],"detailed":[35],"account":[36],"the":[38,49,151,163,166,185],"occurrence":[39],"timing":[41],"cognitive-affective":[43],"during":[45,150],"can":[47],"inform":[48],"design":[50,189],"affective":[52,180,191],"tutorial":[53],"interventions.":[54],"In":[55],"order":[56],"to":[57,69],"advance":[58],"understanding":[59,177],"learning-centered":[61,179],"affect,":[62],"this":[63],"paper":[64],"reports":[65],"study":[68],"analyze":[70],"video":[72],"corpus":[73],"computer-mediated":[75],"human":[76],"tutoring":[77,167,192],"using":[78],"an":[79],"automated":[80],"facial":[81,88,97,148],"expression":[82],"recognition":[83],"tool":[84],"detects":[86],"fine-grained":[87],"movements.":[89],"The":[90,169],"results":[91,170],"reveal":[92],"three":[93],"significant":[94],"relationships":[95],"between":[96],"expression,":[98],"frustration,":[99,125],"learning:":[101],"(1)":[102],"Action":[103,116,128],"Unit":[104,117,129],"2":[105],"(outer":[106],"brow":[107],"raise)":[108],"was":[109,121,133],"negatively":[110],"correlated":[111,123,135],"with":[112,124,136],"gain,":[114],"(2)":[115],"4":[118],"(brow":[119],"lowering)":[120],"positively":[122,134],"(3)":[127],"14":[130],"(mouth":[131],"dimpling)":[132],"both":[137],"frustration":[138,159],"gain.":[141],"Additionally,":[142],"early":[143],"prediction":[144],"models":[145],"demonstrated":[146],"actions":[149],"first":[152],"five":[153],"minutes":[154],"were":[155],"significantly":[156],"predictive":[157],"at":[162],"end":[164],"session.":[168],"represent":[171],"step":[173],"toward":[174],"deeper":[176],"states,":[181],"will":[183],"foundation":[186],"for":[187],"data-driven":[188],"systems.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}