{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168176638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665","title":"Knowledge-Free Online Parameter Control in Accuracy-Based Classifier Systems","display_name":"Knowledge-Free Online Parameter Control in Accuracy-Based Classifier Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168176638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3712665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733262","display_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-5453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Colleges of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-5453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Colleges of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007158848","display_name":"Talal Ashraf Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-0992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talal Ashraf Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Colleges of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-0992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Colleges of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065533636","display_name":"Will N. Browne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8979-2224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will N. Browne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8979-2224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8881832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"107896","last_page":"107915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.328000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.328000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.0649000033736229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.05350000038743019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-data","display_name":"Noisy data","score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.28529998660087585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52620605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268357","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3712665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c7593acf0ef48d2bcf03cbc65dc3d62","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c7593acf0ef48d2bcf03cbc65dc3d62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 107896-107915 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3712665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3712665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accuracy-based":[0],"Learning":[1],"Classifier":[2],"Systems":[3],"(LCSs)":[4],"such":[5,137],"as":[6,138,205,265],"XCS":[7,78],"require":[8],"careful":[9],"tuning":[10],"of":[11,85,199,307,319],"control":[12,33,318],"parameters":[13],"whose":[14,188],"effective":[15],"values":[16],"vary":[17],"by":[18,68],"problem,":[19,92,233],"limiting":[20],"their":[21],"applicability":[22],"outside":[23],"expert":[24],"hands.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"presents":[28],"four":[29],"knowledge-free":[30,316],"online":[31,317],"parameter":[32,200],"mechanisms":[34,97,236],"for":[35,212],"the":[36,96,158,172,180,184,196,234,269,305,314],"learning":[37,287],"rate":[38],"<inline-formula>":[39,46,53,62,106,112,153,224,247,253,277,320],"<tex-math":[40,47,54,63,107,113,154,225,248,254,278,321],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\beta":[41,108],"$":[42,109],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[43,50,58,65],"error":[44],"threshold":[45,52],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\varepsilon":[48,255],"_{0}$":[49,256],"subsumption":[51],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\theta":[55,114],"_{\\text":[56,115],"{sub}}$":[57,116],"and":[59,111,146],"don&#x2019;t-care":[60],"probability":[61],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{\\#}$":[64,155,249,279,322],"driven":[66],"solely":[67],"population-level":[69],"statistics":[70],"available":[71],"in":[72,324],"any":[73,246,325],"accuracy-based":[74],"LCS.":[75],"Evaluated":[76],"on":[77,179],"across":[79],"4,410":[80],"experiments":[81],"(21":[82],"Boolean":[83],"environments":[84],"various":[86],"characteristics,":[87],"including":[88],"a":[89,176,206,216,230,273],"real-world-derived":[90,231],"design-verification":[91,232],"30":[93],"runs":[94,220],"each),":[95],"reveal":[98],"strongly":[99],"problem-dependent":[100],"effects.":[101],"On":[102,133,228],"overlapping":[103],"problems,":[104],"adaptive":[105,152],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[110,117,156,257,323],"break":[118],"through":[119,272],"accuracy":[120,240,292],"plateaus":[121],"that":[122,284],"trap":[123],"fixed-parameter":[124],"XCS,":[125],"lifting":[126],"11-bit":[127],"Majority-On":[128],"from":[129,166,195,241],"90.84%":[130],"to":[131,168,243,312],"98.62%.":[132],"fully":[134],"epistatic":[135],"problems":[136],"Even":[139,164],"Parity,":[140],"where":[141],"all":[142],"variables":[143],"interact":[144],"globally":[145],"no":[147,259],"partial":[148],"generalization":[149],"is":[150,157,210],"possible,":[151],"single":[159],"decisive":[160],"factor,":[161],"raising":[162,239],"5-bit":[163],"Parity":[165],"63.13%":[167],"100%":[169,222],"accuracy.":[170],"However,":[171],"same":[173],"mechanism":[174],"causes":[175],"37-percentage-point":[177],"regression":[178],"20-bit":[181],"Multiplexer":[182],"at":[183,223],"standard":[185],"population":[186,218],"size,":[187],"decomposable":[189],"niche":[190],"structure":[191],"requires":[192],"broad":[193],"rules":[194],"outset;":[197],"analysis":[198],"trajectories":[201,282],"diagnoses":[202],"this":[203,213,310],"failure":[204],"feedback-loop":[207],"deadlock,":[208],"which":[209],"resolved":[211],"problem":[214],"with":[215,276],"larger":[217],"(all":[219],"reach":[221],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$N=5000$":[226],"</tex-math></inline-formula>).":[227],"DV1,":[229],"overlap-breaking":[235],"transfer":[237],"cleanly,":[238],"97.09%":[242],"98.97%":[244],"without":[245],"</tex-math></inline-formula>-induced":[250],"regression.":[251],"Notably,":[252],"produces":[258],"measurable":[260],"effect":[261],"alone":[262],"but":[263],"acts":[264],"an":[266],"enabler":[267],"within":[268],"combined":[270],"system":[271],"feedback":[274],"loop":[275],"</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[280],"Parameter":[281],"show":[283],"adaptation":[285],"organizes":[286],"into":[288],"coordinated":[289],"phases":[290],"(early":[291],"tightening,":[293],"intermediate":[294],"stabilization,":[295],"domain-dependent":[296],"generalization)":[297],"rather":[298],"than":[299],"uniformly":[300],"scaling":[301],"final":[302],"performance.":[303],"To":[304],"best":[306],"our":[308],"knowledge,":[309],"appears":[311],"be":[313],"first":[315],"LCS":[326],"variant.":[327]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2026-07-14T00:00:00"}
