{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167204076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955","title":"Automated Wood and Leaf Separation: A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Methods and Forestry Applications","display_name":"Automated Wood and Leaf Separation: A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Methods and Forestry Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167204076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3709955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124971450","display_name":"Truong Viet Vu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truong Viet Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3941-1306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140015455","display_name":"Nguyen Phu C Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Phuc Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7337-337X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124936434","display_name":"Dang Thi Thu Hang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dang Thi Thu Hang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140018627","display_name":"Anh T. Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5600-6510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139988171","display_name":"Tran Thien Thanh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120089902","display_name":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/011c0vt04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120089902"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tran Thien Thanh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology and Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-289X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology and Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120089902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004083201","display_name":"Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-6467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-6467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076303094","display_name":"Ngo Hoang Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngo Hoang Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Van Lang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-6056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Van Lang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7940872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"107383","last_page":"107416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.396699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.396699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12118","display_name":"Forest Biomass Utilization and Management","score":0.08229999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.04270000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.2395000010728836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.2395000010728836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3709955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:221310134b254cd3a34d491f605eec7c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/221310134b254cd3a34d491f605eec7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 107383-107416 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3709955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3709955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.49273577332496643}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":140,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616265438","https://openalex.org/W805232716","https://openalex.org/W1965722011","https://openalex.org/W1987610258","https://openalex.org/W1989561113","https://openalex.org/W2030939714","https://openalex.org/W2057943581","https://openalex.org/W2066709404","https://openalex.org/W2067871368","https://openalex.org/W2077944642","https://openalex.org/W2080105829","https://openalex.org/W2102228204","https://openalex.org/W2113748593","https://openalex.org/W2114942312","https://openalex.org/W2115322030","https://openalex.org/W2118731492","https://openalex.org/W2122789610","https://openalex.org/W2127243393","https://openalex.org/W2136245122","https://openalex.org/W2137918794","https://openalex.org/W2147550651","https://openalex.org/W2154178829","https://openalex.org/W2156067790","https://openalex.org/W2163478020","https://openalex.org/W2174636236","https://openalex.org/W2175890440","https://openalex.org/W2194745211","https://openalex.org/W2245444544","https://openalex.org/W2280788228","https://openalex.org/W2288829032","https://openalex.org/W2299446122","https://openalex.org/W2320875249","https://openalex.org/W2466494297","https://openalex.org/W2498388252","https://openalex.org/W2524295009","https://openalex.org/W2560530255","https://openalex.org/W2588973786","https://openalex.org/W2596175900","https://openalex.org/W2620645313","https://openalex.org/W2739012777","https://openalex.org/W2754470632","https://openalex.org/W2756418563","https://openalex.org/W2760677139","https://openalex.org/W2767638360","https://openalex.org/W2769416190","https://openalex.org/W2783277262","https://openalex.org/W2788190553","https://openalex.org/W2788906470","https://openalex.org/W2799703355","https://openalex.org/W2799908932","https://openalex.org/W2801297638","https://openalex.org/W2801833195","https://openalex.org/W2804653372","https://openalex.org/W2884306507","https://openalex.org/W2887224747","https://openalex.org/W2891829124","https://openalex.org/W2896680712","https://openalex.org/W2901497416","https://openalex.org/W2907127092","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2908560465","https://openalex.org/W2915801748","https://openalex.org/W2936691255","https://openalex.org/W2946562853","https://openalex.org/W2963281829","https://openalex.org/W2963809831","https://openalex.org/W2965457644","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2983050543","https://openalex.org/W2987303464","https://openalex.org/W2993118362","https://openalex.org/W3003868913","https://openalex.org/W3005165620","https://openalex.org/W3013508726","https://openalex.org/W3021818817","https://openalex.org/W3084104778","https://openalex.org/W3087605142","https://openalex.org/W3088292472","https://openalex.org/W3095496092","https://openalex.org/W3096070732","https://openalex.org/W3096500036","https://openalex.org/W3112904572","https://openalex.org/W3127141326","https://openalex.org/W3156985500","https://openalex.org/W3175558562","https://openalex.org/W3175635749","https://openalex.org/W3186032399","https://openalex.org/W3196446346","https://openalex.org/W3207024742","https://openalex.org/W3209354403","https://openalex.org/W3215497122","https://openalex.org/W4205941372","https://openalex.org/W4210665840","https://openalex.org/W4214624143","https://openalex.org/W4221070857","https://openalex.org/W4225765803","https://openalex.org/W4281878442","https://openalex.org/W4283815139","https://openalex.org/W4289914010","https://openalex.org/W4290755532","https://openalex.org/W4290997047","https://openalex.org/W4296106626","https://openalex.org/W4311049796","https://openalex.org/W4312692541","https://openalex.org/W4312812896","https://openalex.org/W4315796028","https://openalex.org/W4364376189","https://openalex.org/W4365509464","https://openalex.org/W4379057880","https://openalex.org/W4382133417","https://openalex.org/W4384447569","https://openalex.org/W4386083124","https://openalex.org/W4387259505","https://openalex.org/W4388798688","https://openalex.org/W4389751216","https://openalex.org/W4390771619","https://openalex.org/W4390858310","https://openalex.org/W4392044250","https://openalex.org/W4392215277","https://openalex.org/W4392232704","https://openalex.org/W4392896817","https://openalex.org/W4397032511","https://openalex.org/W4398216873","https://openalex.org/W4399532495","https://openalex.org/W4400804925","https://openalex.org/W4402415676","https://openalex.org/W4402851176","https://openalex.org/W4403601927","https://openalex.org/W4403916690","https://openalex.org/W4405001148","https://openalex.org/W4405414115","https://openalex.org/W4405779151","https://openalex.org/W4407489865","https://openalex.org/W4408456050","https://openalex.org/W4409451947","https://openalex.org/W4411657172","https://openalex.org/W4413119944","https://openalex.org/W4413472506","https://openalex.org/W7133230615","https://openalex.org/W7137090518"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"separation":[1,71,189],"of":[2,32,68,140,179],"wood":[3],"and":[4,35,45,49,59,73,94,107,114,117,126,134,153,160,163,176,196,202,208,222],"leaf":[5,42,46],"components":[6],"in":[7,53,91],"terrestrial":[8],"LiDAR":[9],"scanning":[10],"(TLS)":[11],"point":[12,172],"clouds":[13],"is":[14,99,190],"a":[15,65,78,102],"fundamental":[16],"prerequisite":[17],"for":[18],"quantitative":[19],"forest":[20,92,193],"structure":[21],"analysis.":[22],"Errors":[23],"at":[24],"this":[25],"stage":[26],"propagate":[27],"directly":[28],"into":[29,101],"downstream":[30],"estimates":[31],"woody":[33],"volume":[34],"branching":[36],"architecture,":[37],"canopy":[38,199],"traits":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"area":[43,47],"index":[44],"density,":[48],"derived":[50,147],"products":[51],"used":[52,145],"biomass":[54,195],"assessment,":[55,221],"radiative":[56],"transfer":[57],"studies,":[58],"ecophysiological":[60],"modeling.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"comprehensive":[66],"review":[67,98],"TLS-based":[69],"wood–leaf":[70,188],"research":[72,212],"reframes":[74],"the":[75,177],"field":[76],"through":[77,110],"consistent":[79],"methodological":[80],"lens":[81],"that":[82,131],"links":[83],"algorithmic":[84],"design":[85],"choices":[86],"to":[87,119,170],"their":[88],"practical":[89],"consequences":[90],"science":[93],"operational":[95],"workflows.":[96],"The":[97],"organized":[100],"coherent":[103],"progression":[104],"from":[105,148],"rule-":[106],"feature-driven":[108],"pipelines,":[109],"geometry-aware":[111],"automated":[112],"segmentation":[113],"structural":[115],"modeling,":[116],"finally":[118],"learning-based":[120],"approaches,":[121],"including":[122],"classical":[123],"machine":[124],"learning":[125],"modern":[127],"three-dimensional":[128],"deep":[129],"networks":[130],"support":[132],"semantic-":[133],"instance-level":[135],"understanding.":[136],"For":[137],"each":[138],"family":[139],"methods,":[141],"we":[142,156,164,185,209],"summarize":[143],"commonly":[144],"cues":[146],"geometry,":[149],"radiometry,":[150],"neighborhood":[151],"statistics,":[152],"multiscale":[154],"structure;":[155],"discuss":[157],"evaluation":[158],"practices":[159],"reporting":[161],"gaps;":[162],"distill":[165],"recurring":[166],"failure":[167],"modes":[168],"related":[169],"occlusion,":[171],"density":[173],"variation,":[174],"phenology,":[175],"ambiguity":[178],"fine":[180],"branches.":[181],"Beyond":[182],"method":[183],"comparison,":[184],"synthesize":[186],"how":[187],"applied":[191],"across":[192],"inventory,":[194],"fuel":[197],"characterization,":[198],"function":[200],"analysis,":[201],"emerging":[203],"artificial":[204],"intelligence-enabled":[205],"forestry":[206],"systems,":[207],"outline":[210],"open":[211],"directions":[213],"centered":[214],"on":[215],"scalable":[216],"supervision,":[217],"cross-site":[218],"generalization,":[219],"uncertainty-aware":[220],"multisensor":[223],"integration.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-04T00:00:00"}