{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165948256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242","title":"An Edge AI Pipeline for Real-Time Detection, Discrimination, and Classification of Killer Whale Vocalizations","display_name":"An Edge AI Pipeline for Real-Time Detection, Discrimination, and Classification of Killer Whale Vocalizations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165948256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3707242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073417686","display_name":"J. P. L\u00fcke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-9981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Philipp L\u00fcke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-9981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120720833","display_name":"Sergio Garc\u00eda Beitia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7687-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Garc\u00eda Beitia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7687-5706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139316726","display_name":"Fernando Rosa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8750-5380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024655543","display_name":"Javier Almunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-1463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158438070","display_name":"Universidad de La Laguna","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9z8p25","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Almunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de BiologÃa Animal, EdafologÃa y GeologÃa, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-1463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de BiologÃa Animal, EdafologÃa y GeologÃa, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158438070"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61879185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"103310","last_page":"103326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.744700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.744700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.1559000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whale","display_name":"Whale","score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7005000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioacoustics","display_name":"Bioacoustics","score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.40290001034736633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777704720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1865281","display_name":"Whale","level":2,"score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7005000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34951282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191","display_name":"Bioacoustics","level":2,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167954536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1920844","display_name":"Human echolocation","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3707242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce85737ab37949e4beb5b41890fca81f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce85737ab37949e4beb5b41890fca81f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 103310-103326 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3707242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3707242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319603","display_name":"Loro Parque Fundaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Orca":[0,142],"vocalizations":[1],"have":[2,110],"been":[3,111],"studied":[4],"extensively,":[5],"but":[6,33],"manual":[7,162],"detection":[8],"and":[9,16,28,45,68,78,100,133,171,182,188,195],"classification":[10,79,102],"of":[11,30,42,80,127,157],"calls":[12],"limit":[13],"dataset":[14],"size":[15],"analysis":[17,41],"scope.":[18],"Automatic":[19],"data":[20,44,166],"processing":[21,115],"techniques":[22],"can":[23],"improve":[24],"the":[25,150,153],"speed,":[26],"consistency,":[27],"scale":[29],"acoustic":[31,114],"analysis,":[32],"most":[34],"existing":[35],"automated":[36],"approaches":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39,92,177],"offline":[40],"recorded":[43],"often":[46],"require":[47],"specialized":[48],"high-performance":[49],"hardware,":[50],"limiting":[51],"their":[52],"practical":[53],"deployment":[54,194],"for":[55,74,167,198],"continuous":[56],"monitoring.":[57,203],"In":[58],"this":[59],"work,":[60],"we":[61,148],"present":[62,149],"an":[63],"AI-based":[64],"system":[65,87],"using":[66],"convolutional":[67],"long":[69],"short-term":[70],"memory":[71],"neural":[72],"networks":[73],"real-time":[75],"detection,":[76],"discrimination,":[77],"orca":[81],"vocalizations.":[82],"Unlike":[83],"previous":[84],"studies,":[85,170],"our":[86],"runs":[88],"in":[89,144],"real":[90],"time":[91],"edge":[93],"devices,":[94],"while":[95],"achieving":[96],"99%":[97],"discrimination":[98],"accuracy":[99,103],"81%":[101],"across":[104],"20":[105],"call":[106],"types.":[107],"These":[108],"modules":[109],"integrated":[112],"into":[113],"nodes,":[116,129],"which":[117],"are":[118],"built":[119],"around":[120],"a":[121,136],"Raspberry":[122],"Pi":[123],"3B+.":[124],"A":[125],"set":[126],"such":[128],"connected":[130],"to":[131,174,201],"hydrophones":[132],"linked":[134],"via":[135],"computer":[137],"network,":[138],"was":[139],"deployed":[140],"at":[141],"Ocean":[143],"Loro":[145],"Parque.":[146],"Here,":[147],"results":[151],"from":[152],"first":[154],"six":[155],"months":[156],"operation.":[158],"This":[159],"setup":[160],"reduces":[161],"annotation,":[163],"generates":[164],"structured":[165],"long-term":[168],"bioacoustic":[169],"is":[172],"useful":[173],"support":[175],"research":[176],"communication":[178],"patterns,":[179],"vocal":[180],"culture,":[181],"animal":[183],"welfare":[184],"assessment.":[185],"Its":[186],"modular":[187],"portable":[189],"design":[190],"allows":[191],"scalable,":[192],"cost-efficient":[193],"offers":[196],"potential":[197],"future":[199],"adaptation":[200],"open-sea":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-06-26T00:00:00"}