{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165174451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163","title":"Performance and Security Evaluation of 256-bit Elliptic Curves for Resource-Constrained UVS Systems: A Comparative Study of Curve25519, Edwards25519, secp256r1, and secp256k1","display_name":"Performance and Security Evaluation of 256-bit Elliptic Curves for Resource-Constrained UVS Systems: A Comparative Study of Curve25519, Edwards25519, secp256r1, and secp256k1","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165174451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3705163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092897184","display_name":"Nawras H. Sabbry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2429-5122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41518628","display_name":"Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/023bq8521","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nawras H. Sabbry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2429-5122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041254605","display_name":"\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4421-2411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41518628","display_name":"Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/023bq8521","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alla Levina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4421-2411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124961079","display_name":"Mikhail Kupriyanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41518628","display_name":"Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/023bq8521","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Kupriyanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Technology Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University &#x201C;LETI,&#x201D;, Saint Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41518628"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68453389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"94848","last_page":"94863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.5289999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.5289999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.36800000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.04050000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve","display_name":"Elliptic curve","score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-fitting","display_name":"Surface fitting","score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supersingular-elliptic-curve","display_name":"Supersingular elliptic curve","score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schoofs-algorithm","display_name":"Schoof's algorithm","score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.26499998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.46779999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268493","display_name":"Elliptic curve","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984999661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603159","display_name":"Surface fitting","level":3,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157567686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7644139","display_name":"Supersingular elliptic curve","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121444067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835817","display_name":"Schoof's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3705163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a5b0e49954d42b490f287ec958bc413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a5b0e49954d42b490f287ec958bc413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 94848-94863 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3705163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3705163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2737855988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FSEE-2024-0003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327494","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4586251356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"075-00003-24-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327494","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327494","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Vehicle":[1],"Systems":[2],"(UVS)":[3],"require":[4,221],"secure":[5,238],"and":[6,16,33,59,70,90,111,164,169,175,181,187,210,219,226,231],"efficient":[7,204],"cryptographic":[8,239],"mechanisms":[9],"to":[10,114,202,212],"protect":[11],"communication":[12],"links":[13],"from":[14],"interception":[15],"unauthorized":[17],"control.":[18],"However,":[19],"these":[20],"systems":[21],"often":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24,75,126,136],"resource-constrained":[25,242],"embedded":[26],"hardware":[27],"with":[28,49,132],"limited":[29],"processing":[30],"power,":[31],"memory,":[32,225],"energy.":[34],"Elliptic":[35,76],"Curve":[36,77],"Cryptography":[37],"(ECC)":[38],"is":[39],"therefore":[40],"a":[41,122,137],"suitable":[42,235],"candidate":[43],"because":[44],"it":[45],"provides":[46],"strong":[47],"security":[48,60,200],"relatively":[50],"small":[51],"key":[52,88],"sizes.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"evaluates":[56],"the":[57,81,102,143,147,153,234],"performance":[58],"of":[61,146],"four":[62],"standardized":[63],"256-bit":[64,104],"elliptic":[65],"curves:":[66],"Curve25519,":[67],"Edwards25519,":[68],"secp256r1,":[69],"secp256k1.":[71],"The":[72,119,140,167],"comparison":[73,171],"focuses":[74],"Point":[78],"Multiplication":[79],"(ECPM),":[80],"most":[82],"computationally":[83],"expensive":[84],"operation":[85],"in":[86,241],"ECC-based":[87],"exchange":[89],"digital":[91],"signature":[92],"protocols.":[93],"To":[94],"ensure":[95],"fairness,":[96],"all":[97],"curves":[98,148],"were":[99],"evaluated":[100],"using":[101],"same":[103],"scalar,":[105],"constant-time":[106],"Montgomery":[107],"ladder":[108],"scalar":[109],"multiplication,":[110],"projective":[112],"coordinates":[113],"avoid":[115],"costly":[116],"modular":[117],"inversions.":[118],"methodology":[120],"combines":[121],"mathematical":[123,162,168],"analysis":[124],"based":[125],"an":[127],"assumed":[128],"8-bit":[129,252],"microcontroller":[130],"model":[131],"software-based":[133],"Python":[134],"experiments":[135,141],"general-purpose":[138],"platform.":[139],"compare":[142],"relative":[144],"behavior":[145],"under":[149],"identical":[150],"conditions,":[151],"while":[152,189],"implications":[154],"for":[155,237],"constrained":[156,247],"devices":[157],"are":[158,233],"interpreted":[159],"through":[160],"their":[161,203],"structure":[163],"implementation":[165,214,227],"characteristics.":[166],"experimental":[170],"shows":[172],"that":[173],"Edwards25519":[174,232],"Curve25519":[176,230],"achieve":[177],"higher":[178],"computational":[179],"efficiency":[180],"lower":[182],"memory":[183],"usage":[184],"than":[185],"secp256r1":[186,218],"secp256k1,":[188],"maintaining":[190],"approximately":[191],"128-bit":[192],"classical":[193],"security.":[194],"They":[195],"also":[196],"provide":[197],"stronger":[198],"implementation-level":[199],"due":[201],"curve":[205],"forms,":[206],"regular":[207],"arithmetic":[208],"structures,":[209],"resistance":[211],"side-channel-related":[213],"risks.":[215],"In":[216],"contrast,":[217],"secp256k1":[220],"more":[222],"execution":[223],"time,":[224],"care.":[228],"Overall,":[229],"candidates":[236],"deployment":[240],"UVS":[243],"systems,":[244],"especially":[245],"highly":[246],"microcontroller-based":[248],"platforms":[249],"such":[250],"as":[251],"devices.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}
