{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165135793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895","title":"Cyber Resilience for DER-Rich Distribution Grids: Ensemble Detection and Explainable Localization of Unobservable False Data Injection Attacks","display_name":"Cyber Resilience for DER-Rich Distribution Grids: Ensemble Detection and Explainable Localization of Unobservable False Data Injection Attacks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165135793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101535920","display_name":"Md Moshiur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-9769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Moshiur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-9769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088936030","display_name":"Airin Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2613-8996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Airin Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2613-8996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050289117","display_name":"Wei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-6404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-6404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77006254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"92116","last_page":"92134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.892300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.892300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.914900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.7760999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3271999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.914900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.7760999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018725008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber threats","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5e09fb5963546a7b09a7015bbb09ab3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5e09fb5963546a7b09a7015bbb09ab3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 92116-92134 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7096076011657715}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"cyber-physical":[1],"power":[2],"systems":[3],"increasingly":[4],"rely":[5],"on":[6,152,216],"data-driven":[7],"monitoring":[8,230],"and":[9,35,41,48,61,64,103,123,127,140,144,156,162,176,179,190,208,222],"control,":[10],"expanding":[11],"the":[12,117,213],"attack":[13,166],"surface":[14],"for":[15,70],"unobservable":[16,165],"false":[17,59],"data":[18],"injection":[19],"attacks.":[20,196],"In":[21],"distributed":[22,195],"energy":[23],"resources":[24],"rich":[25],"distribution":[26,227],"feeders,":[27,218],"such":[28],"attacks":[29,63],"can":[30],"evade":[31],"conventional":[32],"residual-based":[33],"detectors":[34],"corrupt":[36],"operational":[37,110],"decisions,":[38],"motivating":[39],"detection":[40,84,90,115,171,207],"localization":[42,69,118,225],"methods":[43],"that":[44,80,97],"remain":[45],"reliable,":[46],"interpretable,":[47],"scalable.":[49],"However,":[50],"existing":[51],"learning-based":[52],"approaches":[53],"often":[54],"exhibit":[55],"unstable":[56],"trade-offs":[57],"between":[58],"alarms":[60],"missed":[62],"typically":[65],"provide":[66],"limited":[67],"phase-resolved":[68],"actionable":[71],"triage.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"proposes":[75],"a":[76,93],"scalable":[77],"two-stage":[78],"framework":[79,149],"couples":[81],"stacked":[82],"ensemble":[83,96],"with":[85,173,205],"fusion-based":[86],"explainable":[87],"localization.":[88],"The":[89,148],"stage":[91,119],"uses":[92],"calibrated":[94,181],"cross-family":[95],"adaptively":[98],"fuses":[99],"discriminative":[100],"XGBoost":[101],"evidence":[102,107],"Transformer-based":[104],"temporal":[105],"anomaly":[106],"to":[108,136],"produce":[109],"attack-confidence":[111],"probabilities.":[112],"Upon":[113],"each":[114],"alarm,":[116],"combines":[120],"TreeSHAP,":[121],"DeepSHAP,":[122],"reconstruction-error":[124],"severity":[125],"evidence,":[126],"consolidates":[128],"them":[129],"via":[130],"reliability-weighted":[131],"logarithmic":[132],"opinion":[133],"pooling":[134],"fusion":[135],"identify":[137],"attacked":[138],"buses":[139],"resolve":[141],"compromised":[142],"phases":[143],"dominant":[145],"measurement":[146],"channels.":[147],"is":[150],"validated":[151],"modified":[153],"IEEE":[154,157],"13-node":[155],"123-node":[158],"feeders":[159],"under":[160,194],"single-":[161],"multi-node,":[163],"multi-phase":[164],"scenarios.":[167],"Results":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"near-ceiling":[170],"separability":[172],"low":[174],"false-negative":[175],"false-positive":[177],"rates":[178],"well":[180],"confidence,":[182],"while":[183],"fused":[184],"explanations":[185],"yield":[186],"selective":[187],"node":[188],"ranking":[189],"compact":[191],"phase/feature":[192],"attributions":[193],"Per-sample":[197],"inference":[198],"latency":[199,211],"profiling":[200],"further":[201],"confirms":[202],"real-time":[203],"feasibility,":[204],"sub-millisecond":[206],"end-to-end":[209],"detection-localization":[210],"in":[212,226],"tens-of-milliseconds":[214],"range":[215],"both":[217],"enabling":[219],"online":[220],"alarming":[221],"rapid":[223],"post-alarm":[224],"grid":[228],"cybersecurity":[229],"pipelines,":[231],"thereby":[232],"enhancing":[233],"cyber":[234],"resilience.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T06:17:17.354583","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}
