{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165028427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893","title":"GAKT: A Data Generation-Augmented Knowledge Tracing Model With Explicit Cognitive State Alignment","display_name":"GAKT: A Data Generation-Augmented Knowledge Tracing Model With Explicit Cognitive State Alignment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165028427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013607751","display_name":"Chaonan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9315-5417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9315-5417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130070042","display_name":"Wenlong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7734-3730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138803123","display_name":"Hongjia Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjia Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6699-3138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129780161","display_name":"Zhongtao Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongtao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0464-2977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129878746","display_name":"Senyao Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048913103","display_name":"Zhenzhen Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-6818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53592917","display_name":"Jiangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkgk822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-6818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53592917"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7829748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"98922","last_page":"98934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13062","display_name":"Cognitive Computing and Networks","score":0.29840001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13062","display_name":"Cognitive Computing and Networks","score":0.29840001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.11699999868869781,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.09120000153779984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-based-systems","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.30160000920295715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8120999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48660001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:512303baf72a4017aecf0d8651a8f9d7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/512303baf72a4017aecf0d8651a8f9d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 98922-98934 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4274546205997467}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"tracing,":[1],"a":[2,86,112,165],"fundamental":[3],"component":[4],"of":[5,19,40,143,194,201],"intelligent":[6],"learning":[7,92,113,139],"guidance":[8],"systems,":[9],"aims":[10],"to":[11,45],"diagnose":[12],"cognitive":[13,31,57,72,98,103,162,172],"states":[14],"and":[15,63,124,140,149,198],"predict":[16],"the":[17,38,41,118,129,138,154,160,192,195,199,202],"level":[18],"knowledge":[20,84,87,144],"mastery":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23,177],"learners’":[24],"historical":[25],"response":[26],"records.":[27],"However,":[28],"existing":[29,186],"explicit":[30,56,97],"state":[32,73,99,104,156,163,173],"modeling":[33,105],"approaches":[34],"are":[35,53],"constrained":[36],"by":[37,145],"quality":[39,193],"original":[42],"data,":[43],"leading":[44],"performance":[46],"limitations.":[47],"Additionally,":[48,153],"some":[49],"data":[50,68,94,108,115,122,197],"augmentation":[51,116],"methods":[52],"misaligned":[54],"with":[55,71,96,164],"states,":[58],"lack":[59],"sufficient":[60],"integration":[61],"depth,":[62],"face":[64],"challenges":[65],"in":[66],"balancing":[67],"representation":[69],"richness":[70],"interpretability.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"these":[77],"challenges,":[78],"this":[79],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"generated":[82,196],"align":[83],"tracing(GAKT),":[85],"tracing":[88],"model":[89,119],"that":[90,182],"integrates":[91],"pattern-guided":[93],"generation":[95],"alignment,":[100],"thereby":[101],"enhancing":[102],"through":[106],"high-quality":[107],"augmentation.":[109],"By":[110],"designing":[111],"pattern-driven":[114],"module,":[117,131],"effectively":[120],"alleviates":[121],"sparsity":[123],"enriches":[125],"sample":[126],"diversity.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"Transformer":[130],"which":[132],"incorporates":[133],"forgetting":[134,141,151],"factors,":[135],"accurately":[136],"models":[137],"processes":[142],"capturing":[146],"temporal":[147],"dependencies":[148],"simulating":[150],"behavior.":[152],"ideal":[155,167],"alignment":[157],"module":[158],"aligns":[159],"initial":[161],"predefined":[166],"state,":[168],"creating":[169],"an":[170],"interpretable":[171],"representation.":[174],"Experimental":[175],"results":[176],"classic":[178],"open-source":[179],"datasets":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"GAKT":[183],"significantly":[184],"outperforms":[185],"state-of-the-art":[187],"baseline":[188],"models,":[189],"validating":[190],"both":[191],"effectiveness":[200],"model.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}