{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165005400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619","title":"Comparative Study of Permanent Magnet Shapes in Outer Rotor PMSM for EC Fan in Data Center","display_name":"Comparative Study of Permanent Magnet Shapes in Outer Rotor PMSM for EC Fan in Data Center","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165005400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079160779","display_name":"C.H. Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9684-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaewon Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9684-5072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060591228","display_name":"S K Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghwi Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industry-University Cooperative Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-7450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industry-University Cooperative Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003777606","display_name":"Sarbajit Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-4784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118524","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn7x778","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}],"countries":["FR","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarbajit Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-4784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810","https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091677842","display_name":"Pilwan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118524","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn7x778","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}],"countries":["FR","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilwan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810","https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051834036","display_name":"Yon\u2010Do Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-6559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118524","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn7x778","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}],"countries":["FR","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yondo Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-6559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Machines and Drive Research Center, Electric Mobility Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810","https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047865202","display_name":"Ju Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0251-6492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0251-6492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73080949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"97910","last_page":"97919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.6276000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.6276000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11602","display_name":"Magnetic Bearings and Levitation Dynamics","score":0.14589999616146088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11222","display_name":"Magnetic Properties and Applications","score":0.04690000042319298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotor","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-motor","display_name":"Synchronous motor","score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permanent-magnet-synchronous-generator","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous generator","score":0.3246999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Synchronous motor","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201320609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274420","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous generator","level":3,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157479481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177831","display_name":"Magnetic flux","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986944758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous motor","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12534926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357916","display_name":"Electropermanent magnet","level":4,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206736587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061251","display_name":"Magnetic levitation","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df2bad14bfa74a27b5f40203ff7e56e3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df2bad14bfa74a27b5f40203ff7e56e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 97910-97919 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3704619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3704619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4065280258655548,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7552472848","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00420625","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003155124","https://openalex.org/W2017790958","https://openalex.org/W2037236761","https://openalex.org/W2076992503","https://openalex.org/W2120535032","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2284351912","https://openalex.org/W2889210780","https://openalex.org/W2896941397","https://openalex.org/W2899982088","https://openalex.org/W2912510266","https://openalex.org/W2946406071","https://openalex.org/W2974276465","https://openalex.org/W2991704767","https://openalex.org/W3017895174","https://openalex.org/W4206610288","https://openalex.org/W4280522907","https://openalex.org/W4312356214","https://openalex.org/W4322707040","https://openalex.org/W4401890494","https://openalex.org/W4410852264"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,49,58,139,143,153,175,178,197,200,204,210],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,52,80,185,191,199],"AI":[5,37],"data":[6,38],"centers,":[7],"high-efficiency":[8],"electrical":[9],"machines":[10],"have":[11,64],"become":[12],"increasingly":[13],"important":[14],"for":[15,31,94],"HVAC":[16],"applications.":[17,97],"Outer-rotor":[18],"surface":[19],"permanent":[20,59,85],"magnet":[21,60,86,141],"synchronous":[22],"motors":[23],"(SPMSMs)":[24],"with":[25,83,177],"ferrite":[26],"magnets":[27],"are":[28,104,133,172],"widely":[29],"adopted":[30],"electrically":[32],"commutated":[33],"(EC)":[34],"fans":[35],"in":[36],"centers":[39],"due":[40],"to":[41,67,209],"their":[42],"low":[43],"cost":[44],"and":[45,70,91,131,160,166,187],"high":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"Since":[48],"electromagnetic":[50],"performance":[51],"SPMSMs":[53],"is":[54,158],"significantly":[55],"influenced":[56],"by":[57],"shape,":[61],"extensive":[62],"studies":[63],"been":[65],"conducted":[66,93],"improve":[68],"efficiency":[69,145,189,198,206],"reduce":[71],"torque":[72,129],"ripple.":[73],"In":[74,195],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"a":[77,99,110,156,182],"comparative":[78],"study":[79],"outer-rotor":[81],"PMSMs":[82],"four":[84],"shapes—chamfer,":[87],"linear":[88],"chamfer,":[89],"taper,":[90],"cycloid—is":[92],"EC":[95],"fan":[96],"For":[98],"fair":[100],"comparison,":[101],"all":[102],"models":[103],"optimized":[105],"under":[106,163],"identical":[107],"constraints":[108],"using":[109],"multi-objective":[111],"genetic":[112],"algorithm":[113],"(MOGA)":[114],"based":[115],"on":[116],"finite":[117],"element":[118],"analysis":[119],"(FEA).":[120],"Electromagnetic":[121],"characteristics,":[122],"including":[123],"back":[124],"electromotive":[125],"force":[126],"(BEMF),":[127],"torque,":[128],"ripple,":[130],"efficiency,":[132],"evaluated.":[134],"The":[135,169],"results":[136,171],"show":[137],"that":[138],"chamfer-type":[140],"achieves":[142],"highest":[144],"despite":[146],"slightly":[147],"higher":[148],"harmonic":[149],"components.":[150],"To":[151],"validate":[152],"FEA":[154,170],"results,":[155,180],"prototype":[157,201],"manufactured":[159],"experimentally":[161],"evaluated":[162],"both":[164],"no-load":[165],"load":[167],"conditions.":[168],"validated":[173],"through":[174],"comparison":[176],"experimental":[179],"demonstrating":[181],"BEMF":[183],"error":[184],"1.4%":[186],"an":[188],"deviation":[190],"less":[192],"than":[193],"1%.":[194],"addition,":[196],"motor":[202],"satisfies":[203],"IE5":[205],"class":[207],"according":[208],"IEC":[211],"60034-30-2.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T06:09:54.619538","created_date":"2026-06-18T00:00:00"}