{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164811456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920","title":"Comparative Analysis of Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Bitcoin Transaction Fraud Detection: A Large-Scale Empirical Study","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Bitcoin Transaction Fraud Detection: A Large-Scale Empirical Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164811456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3703920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046111078","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio de Aquino Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rogerio De Aquino Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT and Statistics (INE), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-3199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT and Statistics (INE), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067873815","display_name":"Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9144-1535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT and Statistics (INE), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9144-1535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT and Statistics (INE), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022469786","display_name":"Gustavo Medeiros de Ara\u00fajo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-6997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Medeiros De Ara\u00fajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science (PGCIN), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science (PGCIN), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015647058","display_name":"Laura Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Emilia Maria Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62090205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"96983","last_page":"97002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7547000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7547000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.028999999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.023099999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.7379000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6554999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.36649999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.7379000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6554999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3703920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6238b55484924812b2f67139eb76f2be","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6238b55484924812b2f67139eb76f2be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 96983-97002 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3703920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3703920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5584061741828918,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,16,44],"Bitcoin":[4,37],"transactions":[5,47],"poses":[6],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8],"for":[9,36,116],"fraud":[10,38],"detection,":[11],"especially":[12],"given":[13],"the":[14,98,104],"scarcity":[15],"labeled":[17],"data":[18],"and":[19,59],"evolving":[20],"crime":[21],"patterns.":[22],"This":[23,101],"paper":[24],"introduces":[25],"a":[26,41,86],"comprehensive":[27],"ensemble-based":[28,107],"approach":[29],"utilizing":[30],"six":[31],"unsupervised":[32],"machine":[33],"learning":[34],"algorithms":[35],"detection":[39],"on":[40],"real-world":[42,111],"dataset":[43],"6.97":[45],"million":[46],"spanning":[48],"5.3":[49],"years.":[50],"Our":[51],"methodology":[52],"integrates":[53],"advanced":[54],"feature":[55,64],"engineering,":[56],"consensus":[57],"mechanisms,":[58],"external":[60,78],"validation.":[61],"A":[62],"rigorous":[63],"selection":[65],"process":[66],"reduced":[67],"56":[68],"initial":[69],"features":[70],"to":[71],"25":[72],"optimal":[73],"characteristics.":[74],"ensemble":[76],"achieved":[77],"validation":[79],"through":[80],"ChainAbuse.com,":[81],"confirming":[82],"fraudulent":[83],"addresses":[84],"with":[85,90,110],"0.0167%":[87],"rate,":[88],"consistent":[89],"prior":[91],"research.":[92],"Local":[93],"Outlier":[94],"Factor":[95],"emerged":[96],"as":[97],"top-performing":[99],"algorithm.":[100],"work":[102],"provides":[103],"first":[105],"large-scale":[106],"comparative":[108],"study":[109],"validation,":[112],"offering":[113],"actionable":[114],"insights":[115],"digital":[117],"asset":[118],"security.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-06-16T00:00:00"}