{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163409138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048","title":"TriSAFE: Transcript-Bound Verifiable Secure Aggregation With Differential Privacy and Timing Defenses for Gateway-Assisted IoT Federated Learning","display_name":"TriSAFE: Transcript-Bound Verifiable Secure Aggregation With Differential Privacy and Timing Defenses for Gateway-Assisted IoT Federated Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163409138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137763063","display_name":"Sajjad H. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5384-0761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12834331","display_name":"University of Wyoming","ror":"https://ror.org/01485tq96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad H. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5384-0761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137755992","display_name":"Ian Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9465-2960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12834331","display_name":"University of Wyoming","ror":"https://ror.org/01485tq96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9465-2960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086398848","display_name":"Mike Borowczak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Borowczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-8245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69955825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"89354","last_page":"89379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7875000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7875000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.7645999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.4415000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7645999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b665e7c99fe4359b8fc3c311714da3f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b665e7c99fe4359b8fc3c311714da3f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 89354-89379 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,75],"across":[2],"IoT":[3,73,190,271],"devices":[4,24],"must":[5],"simultaneously":[6],"protect":[7],"each":[8,110],"device\u2019s":[9],"update":[10],"from":[11,16,27,184],"disclosure,":[12],"prevent":[13],"malicious":[14],"participants":[15],"biasing":[17],"the":[18,53,130,137,143,165,206,236,257,261,274,277],"global":[19],"model,":[20],"and":[21,58,81,173,194,196,213,235,285],"hide":[22,182],"which":[23],"are":[25,96],"participating":[26],"outside":[28],"observers.":[29,187],"Existing":[30],"systems":[31],"typically":[32],"address":[33],"only":[34,167],"a":[35,69,77,114,118,146,170,228,245],"subset":[36],"of":[37,205],"these":[38],"goals:":[39],"secure":[40],"aggregation":[41],"hides":[42],"individual":[43],"updates":[44,104],"but":[45],"cannot":[46],"validate":[47],"them,":[48],"plaintext-based":[49],"robust":[50],"filtering":[51],"requires":[52],"server":[54,80,86,166],"to":[55,136,181,233,238,244],"see":[56],"updates,":[57],"most":[59],"cryptographic":[60],"pipelines":[61],"ignore":[62],"timing":[63],"privacy.":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"presents":[67],"TriSAFE,":[68],"protocol":[70],"composition":[71],"for":[72,223,269],"federated":[74],"with":[76,177,216,282],"single":[78],"coordinating":[79],"three":[82],"threshold":[83],"helpers.":[84],"The":[85,265],"holds":[87],"no":[88],"decryption":[89],"key.":[90],"TriSAFE":[91,198,250],"combines":[92],"four":[93],"mechanisms":[94],"that":[95,109,127,276,286],"usually":[97],"studied":[98],"in":[99,133],"isolation:":[100],"(i)":[101],"encrypted":[102],"client":[103],"accompanied":[105],"by":[106,142,150,227],"zero-knowledge":[107],"proofs":[108,152],"coordinate":[111],"lies":[112],"within":[113,201],"bounded":[115],"range;":[116],"(ii)":[117],"new":[119],"lightweight":[120],"binding":[121],"step":[122],"(the":[123],"plaintext-equivalence":[124],"protocol,":[125],"PEP)":[126],"cryptographically":[128],"ties":[129],"values":[131],"proven":[132],"zero":[134],"knowledge":[135],"exact":[138],"ciphertext":[139],"later":[140],"aggregated":[141],"server,":[144],"closing":[145],"substitution":[147],"gap":[148],"left":[149],"range":[151],"alone;":[153],"(iii)":[154],"helper-added":[155],"differential":[156],"privacy":[157],"noise":[158],"applied":[159],"homomorphically":[160],"before":[161],"any":[162],"decryption,":[163],"so":[164],"ever":[168],"sees":[169],"noised":[171],"aggregate;":[172],"(iv)":[174],"fixed-cadence":[175],"batching":[176],"calibrated":[178],"cover":[179],"traffic":[180],"participation":[183],"passive":[185,229],"network":[186],"Across":[188],"two":[189,283,289],"intrusion-detection":[191],"benchmarks":[192],"(Edge-IIoTset":[193],"N-BaIoT)":[195],"MNIST,":[197,249],"keeps":[199],"accuracy":[200],"0.1-2.1":[202],"percentage":[203],"points":[204,255],"no-attack":[207],"baseline":[208],"under":[209,260,273],"Byzantine,":[210],"label-flip,":[211],"FANG,":[212],"time-delay":[214],"attacks,":[215],"attack":[217,263],"success":[218],"rate":[219],"below":[220],"1%":[221],"(<0.1%":[222],"FANG).":[224],"Timing":[225],"inference":[226],"observer":[230],"drops":[231],"close":[232],"chance,":[234],"end":[237,239],"overhead":[240],"is":[241,267],"7-36%":[242],"relative":[243],"non-defended":[246],"baseline.":[247],"On":[248],"achieves":[251],"89-91%":[252],"accuracy,":[253],"15-17":[254],"above":[256],"MODEL":[258],"benchmark":[259],"same":[262],"suite.":[264],"design":[266],"practical":[268],"gateway-assisted":[270],"deployments":[272],"assumption":[275],"coordinator":[278],"does":[279],"not":[280],"collude":[281],"helpers":[284,290],"at":[287],"least":[288],"contribute":[291],"honest":[292],"DP":[293],"noise.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}