{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163061576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783","title":"EVmem: Air-Gap Covert Channel Using Electromagnetic Virtual Memory Allocation and Deallocation","display_name":"EVmem: Air-Gap Covert Channel Using Electromagnetic Virtual Memory Allocation and Deallocation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163061576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137554335","display_name":"Hyeonjun An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0038-3393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeonjun An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0038-3393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137596524","display_name":"Dong-Guk Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Guk Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80021472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"86313","last_page":"86323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.2777999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.2777999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0869000032544136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.30410000681877136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072483","display_name":"Channel allocation schemes","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9f6880d11564f9c8c59c7a134a5351a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9f6880d11564f9c8c59c7a134a5351a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 86313-86323 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1942811333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-25411243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"covert":[1,36,69,179,232],"channel":[2,70,204,234],"enables":[3],"a":[4,13,66,137,153,164,175,210,219,229],"sender":[5],"and":[6,15,55,85,151,231],"receiver":[7],"to":[8,26,106,191],"secretly":[9],"exchange":[10],"data":[11],"using":[12,48],"pre-shared":[14],"concealed":[16],"communication":[17,233],"method,":[18],"but":[19],"such":[20,117],"channels":[21,37],"can":[22,172,205],"also":[23,142],"be":[24,206],"abused":[25],"exfiltrate":[27],"sensitive":[28],"information":[29],"from":[30,148,189],"secured":[31],"systems.":[32],"Existing":[33],"electromagnetic":[34],"(EM)":[35],"primarily":[38],"rely":[39],"on":[40,163],"direct":[41],"Dynamic":[42],"Random":[43],"Access":[44],"Memory":[45],"(DRAM)":[46],"access":[47,111],"non-temporal":[49,110],"memory":[50,83,100,133],"instructions,":[51],"which":[52],"generate":[53],"distinctive":[54],"easily":[56],"detectable":[57],"memory-access":[58],"patterns.":[59],"To":[60,126],"address":[61],"this":[62,88],"limitation,":[63],"we":[64,135,200],"propose":[65],"novel":[67],"air-gapped":[68,177],"EVmem":[71],"that":[72,156,168,202,224],"induces":[73],"EM":[74,145,178],"emissions":[75],"through":[76],"indirect":[77],"DRAM":[78],"activation":[79],"triggered":[80],"by":[81,91],"virtual":[82,132],"allocation":[84],"deallocation.":[86],"Because":[87],"mechanism":[89],"operates":[90],"updating":[92],"page":[93],"table":[94],"entries":[95],"rather":[96],"than":[97],"performing":[98],"explicit":[99],"writes,":[101],"it":[102],"is":[103],"less":[104],"exposed":[105],"instruction-level":[107],"monitors":[108],"targeting":[109],"patterns,":[112],"although":[113],"OS-level":[114],"behavioral":[115],"footprints":[116],"as":[118],"elevated":[119],"page-fault":[120],"activity":[121],"may":[122],"still":[123],"remain":[124],"observable.":[125],"match":[127],"the":[128,144,169,185,203,225],"temporal":[129],"characteristics":[130],"of":[131],"operations,":[134],"introduce":[136],"time-gap":[138],"modulation":[139],"technique.":[140],"We":[141],"analyze":[143],"signatures":[146],"resulting":[147],"these":[149],"operations":[150],"design":[152],"preprocessing":[154,183],"pipeline":[155],"substantially":[157],"improves":[158],"signal":[159],"clarity.":[160],"Experimental":[161],"evaluation":[162],"Windows-based":[165],"system":[166,237],"confirms":[167],"proposed":[170,226],"technique":[171],"successfully":[173],"establish":[174],"practical":[176],"channel.":[180],"Notably,":[181],"our":[182],"increases":[184],"signal-to-noise":[186],"ratio":[187],"(SNR)":[188],"1.24":[190],"7.34,":[192],"enabling":[193],"stable":[194],"demodulation":[195],"under":[196],"low-SNR":[197],"conditions.":[198,238],"Finally,":[199],"demonstrate":[201],"reliably":[207],"demodulated":[208],"with":[209],"consistently":[211],"low":[212],"bit":[213],"error":[214],"rate":[215],"(BER)":[216],"even":[217],"in":[218,235],"full":[220],"operating-system":[221],"environment,":[222],"confirming":[223],"method":[227],"forms":[228],"viable":[230],"realistic":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}