{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162507392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415","title":"Automated Classification of EQ-5D Literature in PubMed Using Multi-Phase Learning and LLM-Assisted Co-Training","display_name":"Automated Classification of EQ-5D Literature in PubMed Using Multi-Phase Learning and LLM-Assisted Co-Training","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162507392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3697415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136166083","display_name":"Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhyar K. Rzgar Rostam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-6883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064557440","display_name":"M\u00e1rta P\u00e9ntek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-6012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rta P\u00e9ntek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-6012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006094880","display_name":"J\u00e1nos Tibor Czere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-7906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00e1nos Tibor Czere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral School of Innovation Management, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-7906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Innovation Management, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064962395","display_name":"Zsombor Zrubka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-6087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zsombor Zrubka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-6087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071682037","display_name":"L Gul\u00e1csi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Gul\u00e1csi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-8746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Economics Research Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084426852","display_name":"G\u00e1bor Kert\u00e9sz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e1bor Kert\u00e9sz","raw_affiliation_strings":["John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-8301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81089813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"81665","last_page":"81685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.31279999017715454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.31279999017715454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.06700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.06539999693632126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.22830000519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.22499999403953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.22259999811649323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7997999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.22830000519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.22499999403953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.22259999811649323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2223999947309494}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3697415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6cee7685a944f65bb37fb6753989707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6cee7685a944f65bb37fb6753989707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 81665-81685 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3697415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3697415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5867921113967896,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,169],"EQ-5D":[1,30,74,241],"is":[2,36,188],"a":[3,37,48,95,114,130],"widely":[4],"used":[5,230],"tool":[6],"for":[7,32,212,240],"measuring":[8],"health-related":[9],"quality":[10],"of":[11,27,134,183,221],"life":[12],"(HRQoL)":[13],"to":[14,64,121,185,226],"support":[15],"clinical,":[16],"economic,":[17],"and":[18,40,62,81,94,99,107,125,137,147,157,198,217,233],"policy":[19],"decision":[20],"making.":[21],"Manually":[22],"classifying":[23],"the":[24,71,118,173,177,219],"growing":[25],"volume":[26],"literature":[28,34,242],"reporting":[29],"data":[31,75],"systematic":[33,131],"reviews":[35],"challenging,":[38],"inefficient,":[39],"labor-intensive":[41],"task.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this,":[45],"we":[46],"propose":[47],"comprehensive":[49],"classification":[50,123],"framework":[51,120,239],"utilizing":[52],"pre-trained":[53],"language":[54],"models":[55],"(PLMs),":[56],"including":[57],"BERT,":[58],"SciBERT,":[59],"BioBERT,":[60],"PubMedBERT,":[61],"BioLinkBERT,":[63],"categorize":[65],"PubMed":[66,141],"records":[67,142],"based":[68],"on":[69,140],"whether":[70],"article":[72,77],"reports":[73],"using":[76,143,190],"metadata":[78],"(titles,":[79],"abstracts,":[80],"keywords).":[82],"We":[83,112],"examine":[84],"three":[85],"learning":[86,91],"approaches:":[87],"supervised":[88],"learning,":[89],"semi-supervised":[90,234],"with":[92,98,153,180,193,231],"pseudo-labeling,":[93,164],"co-training":[96,119,138,174,203],"strategy":[97],"without":[100],"Large":[101],"Language":[102],"Model":[103],"(LLM)":[104],"assistance":[105],"(GPT":[106],"Claude)":[108],"in":[109,151],"pseudo-label":[110],"generation.":[111],"introduce":[113],"confidence-based":[115],"ensembling":[116],"within":[117],"improve":[122],"reliability":[124],"robustness.":[126],"This":[127],"study":[128],"provides":[129],"multi-phase":[132],"evaluation":[133,192],"supervised,":[135],"semi-supervised,":[136],"paradigms":[139],"different":[144],"input":[145],"configurations":[146],"investigates":[148],"model":[149,206,215],"performance":[150,211],"stages":[152],"200":[154],"labeled":[155,246],"samples":[156,224],"an":[158,181,237],"expanded":[159],"unlabeled":[160],"dataset":[161],"through":[162],"iterative":[163],"while":[165],"benchmarking":[166],"across":[167],"models.":[168],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"approach":[175],"achieved":[176],"highest":[178],"performance,":[179],"F1-score":[182],"up":[184],"0.85.":[186],"Performance":[187],"reported":[189],"multi-seed":[191],"mean":[194],"\u00b1":[195],"standard":[196],"deviation":[197],"95%":[199],"confidence":[200,227],"intervals.":[201],"LLM-assisted":[202],"improves":[204],"weaker":[205],"pairs":[207],"but":[208],"may":[209],"degrade":[210],"already":[213],"strong":[214],"combinations":[216],"reduce":[218],"number":[220],"high-confidence":[222],"pseudo-labeled":[223],"due":[225],"thresholds.":[228],"LLMs":[229],"ensemble":[232],"approaches":[235],"provide":[236],"effective":[238],"screening":[243],"under":[244],"limited":[245],"data.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}