{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162113693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128","title":"A Streamlined Fault Detection and Selectivity Method Based on a Normalized Current Difference Criterion and Apparent Impedance for Onshore Wind Farm Collector Grids","display_name":"A Streamlined Fault Detection and Selectivity Method Based on a Normalized Current Difference Criterion and Apparent Impedance for Onshore Wind Farm Collector Grids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162113693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3696128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136788725","display_name":"Raphael T. Sakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Toshio Sakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-6724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136729758","display_name":"Silvio G. Di Santo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-9920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Giuseppe Di Santo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-9920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063817665","display_name":"Nelson Kagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-9867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nelson Kagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136774375","display_name":"Celestino P. T. Kalueyo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celestino Paulo Tchipongue Kalueyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136732256","display_name":"Carlos F. M. Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-7531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Frederico Meschini Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-7531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Electrical Automation Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57758058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"79155","last_page":"79169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.3815999925136566,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.3815999925136566,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.29600000381469727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14502","display_name":"High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems","score":0.03620000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-impedance-measurement","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","score":0.3264999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172066009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463955","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63974104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81242","display_name":"Sea breeze","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205951836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147751","display_name":"Finite difference method","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985701649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Potential difference","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118792377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245","display_name":"Selectivity","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3696128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24a57e3775c64e2ab1431a7bef032190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24a57e3775c64e2ab1431a7bef032190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 79155-79169 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3696128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7421087026596069,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324219","display_name":"Total","ror":"https://ror.org/04sk34n56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328530","display_name":"Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development in Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118],"large-scale":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,17,166],"inverter-based":[4],"resources":[5],"(IBRs)":[6],"has":[7],"substantially":[8],"altered":[9],"the":[10,41,79,98,108,115,153,163,167,176,181,185,189],"magnitude,":[11],"phase-angle":[12],"behavior,":[13],"and":[14,93,102,141,170],"transient":[15],"evolution":[16],"fault":[18,94,111,125,136,160,173],"currents":[19],"in":[20,33,53,114,180,196],"modern":[21],"power":[22],"systems.":[23],"These":[24],"changes":[25],"pose":[26],"significant":[27],"challenges":[28],"to":[29],"conventional":[30],"protection":[31,70,194],"schemes":[32],"wind":[34,48,74,131],"farm":[35,75,132],"collector":[36,76,198],"grids.":[37,77],"In":[38,60,78,97],"such":[39],"systems,":[40],"limited":[42],"short-circuit":[43],"current":[44,95],"contribution":[45],"from":[46,91],"converter-interfaced":[47],"turbines,":[49],"together":[50],"with":[51],"variations":[52],"apparent":[54,109],"impedance,":[55],"can":[56],"compromise":[57],"relay":[58],"performance.":[59],"this":[61,63],"context,":[62],"paper":[64],"proposes":[65],"a":[66,86,129],"streamlined":[67],"two-stage":[68],"feeder":[69,178],"approach":[71,169],"for":[72],"onshore":[73],"first":[80],"stage,":[81,100],"faults":[82,104],"are":[83,105],"detected":[84],"using":[85,107,157],"normalized":[87],"current-difference":[88],"criterion":[89],"computed":[90],"pre-fault":[92],"samples.":[96],"second":[99],"internal":[101,149],"external":[103,151],"discriminated":[106],"positive-sequence":[110],"impedance":[112],"evaluated":[113],"R-X":[116],"plane.":[117],"method":[119,190],"was":[120],"assessed":[121],"through":[122],"24,120":[123],"PSCAD-simulated":[124],"scenarios":[126],"based":[127],"on":[128],"realistic":[130],"model.":[133],"All":[134],"simulated":[135],"cases":[137,144],"were":[138,145],"successfully":[139],"detected,":[140],"all":[142],"analyzed":[143,182],"correctly":[146],"classified":[147],"as":[148],"or":[150],"under":[152],"studied":[154],"conditions.Additional":[155],"validation":[156],"nine":[158],"real":[159],"records":[161],"confirmed":[162],"practical":[164],"feasibility":[165],"proposed":[168],"showed":[171],"faster":[172],"detection":[174],"than":[175],"installed":[177],"relays":[179],"events.":[183],"Overall,":[184],"results":[186],"indicate":[187],"that":[188],"enables":[191],"fast,":[192],"reliable":[193],"decisions":[195],"wind-farm":[197],"grids":[199],"while":[200],"maintaining":[201],"low":[202],"computational":[203],"complexity.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T06:14:24.967023","created_date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00"}