{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321524311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934","title":"Exploring the Effect of Multi-Step Ascent in Sharpness-Aware Minimization","display_name":"Exploring the Effect of Multi-Step Ascent in Sharpness-Aware Minimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321524311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032839849","display_name":"Hoki Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-459X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoki Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Security, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-459X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Security, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023697071","display_name":"J.-G. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125608817","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/041hz9568","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125608817"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinseong Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125608817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410780","display_name":"Woojin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woojin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-4185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410780","display_name":"Woojin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaewook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-8337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101811667","display_name":"Yujin Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-1676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9150-704X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00064241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"82166","last_page":"82179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.6666076183319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.6563107371330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5544593930244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.543286144733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5052109360694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.41211003065109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3437480032444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.18557387590408325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.6666076183319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.6563107371330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5544593930244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.543286144733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5052109360694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.41211003065109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3437480032444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.18557387590408325}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.10181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.10181","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.10181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea5319a589944e04ac8f8d365ba5dd3c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea5319a589944e04ac8f8d365ba5dd3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 82166-82179 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.10181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.10181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5187613094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00338859","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375684291","https://openalex.org/W2121922170","https://openalex.org/W4210838092","https://openalex.org/W2035564297","https://openalex.org/W2127982566","https://openalex.org/W2153731865","https://openalex.org/W1504381128","https://openalex.org/W2471196694","https://openalex.org/W4380087116","https://openalex.org/W1985711950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"Sharpness-Aware":[1],"Minimization":[2],"(SAM)":[3],"has":[4],"shown":[5,56],"state-of-the-art":[6],"performance":[7],"by":[8],"seeking":[9],"flat":[10],"minima.":[11],"To":[12],"minimize":[13],"the":[14,21,31,34,72,83,93,96,103,116,119,153],"maximum":[15,84],"loss":[16,138],"within":[17],"a":[18,40,79,147],"neighborhood":[19,85],"in":[20,88],"parameter":[22],"space,":[23],"SAM":[24,60,109,124,131,135],"uses":[25],"an":[26],"ascent":[27,38,51,59,74,99,108,112,130,134,158],"step,":[28],"which":[29],"perturbs":[30],"weights":[32],"along":[33],"direction":[35],"of":[36,82,95,98,118,121,156],"gradient":[37],"with":[39],"given":[41],"radius.":[42],"While":[43],"single-step":[44,107,129],"or":[45],"multi-step":[46,58,73,111,133,157],"can":[47,151],"be":[48],"taken":[49],"during":[50],"steps,":[52],"previous":[53],"studies":[54],"have":[55],"that":[57,128,150],"rarely":[61],"improves":[62],"generalization":[63,155],"performance.":[64],"However,":[65],"this":[66,89],"phenomenon":[67],"is":[68,75],"particularly":[69],"interesting":[70],"because":[71],"expected":[76],"to":[77],"provide":[78],"better":[80],"approximation":[81],"loss.":[86],"Therefore,":[87],"paper,":[90],"we":[91,144],"analyze":[92],"effect":[94,117],"number":[97,120],"steps":[100],"and":[101,110,126,132],"investigate":[102],"difference":[104],"between":[105],"both":[106],"SAM.":[113,159],"We":[114],"identify":[115],"ascents":[122],"on":[123,141],"optimization":[125],"reveal":[127],"exhibit":[136],"distinct":[137],"landscapes.":[139],"Based":[140],"these":[142],"observations,":[143],"finally":[145],"suggest":[146],"simple":[148],"modification":[149],"mitigate":[152],"suboptimal":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}