{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161804021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435","title":"SE-Blackboard: A Shared-State Architecture for Multi-Agent Software Engineering Pipelines","display_name":"SE-Blackboard: A Shared-State Architecture for Multi-Agent Software Engineering Pipelines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161804021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077418915","display_name":"Erxi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-7492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erxi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5091-7417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089101433","display_name":"Zhu Qiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-3394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Metrology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6333-849X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Metrology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136531059","display_name":"Xinru Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinru Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Metrology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4184-5949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Metrology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60728706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"106477","last_page":"106491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.23960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.23960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.18160000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.11980000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-architecture","display_name":"Software architecture","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-oriented-architecture","display_name":"Resource-oriented architecture","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-architecture","display_name":"Reference architecture","score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture-tradeoff-analysis-method","display_name":"Architecture tradeoff analysis method","score":0.34389999508857727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6685000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97382630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13501132","display_name":"Resource-oriented architecture","level":5,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55356503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2136675","display_name":"Reference architecture","level":4,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126383566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787220","display_name":"Architecture tradeoff analysis method","level":5,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174683762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609588","display_name":"Component-based software engineering","level":4,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193309","display_name":"Applications architecture","level":4,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182500959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551380","display_name":"Social software engineering","level":5,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5977032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5289815","display_name":"Domain engineering","level":5,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73219336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554254","display_name":"Software architecture description","level":5,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e0e182b18b2e4a1bb7645b31471512e3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e0e182b18b2e4a1bb7645b31471512e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 106477-106491 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5475420355796814}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-agent":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"model":[3,169,181],"(LLM)":[4],"systems":[5,21],"are":[6],"increasingly":[7],"used":[8],"for":[9,183],"software":[10],"engineering":[11],"tasks,":[12],"yet":[13],"the":[14,39,83,99,111,137,177,180,184,208],"role":[15],"of":[16],"communication":[17,196],"architecture":[18,197],"in":[19,156,215],"these":[20,162],"remains":[22],"poorly":[23],"understood.":[24],"Most":[25],"existing":[26],"approaches":[27],"assume":[28],"message":[29,65,120],"passing,":[30,66],"where":[31,212],"agents":[32],"exchange":[33],"sequential":[34],"natural-language":[35],"summaries,":[36],"without":[37],"examining":[38],"information":[40],"loss":[41],"this":[42],"assumption":[43],"may":[44],"introduce.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"makes":[48],"a":[49,60,67,71,88,147,153,199],"methodological":[50],"and":[51,70,80,125,204,207],"diagnostic":[52],"contribution":[53],"to":[54,146],"that":[55,63,91,170],"question.":[56],"We":[57],"present":[58,165],"SE-Blackboard,":[59],"modular":[61],"framework":[62],"places":[64],"shared-state":[68],"blackboard,":[69],"hybrid":[72],"design":[73,202],"within":[74],"an":[75,166],"otherwise":[76],"identical":[77],"multi-agent":[78,216],"pipeline,":[79],"we":[81,164],"introduce":[82],"Information":[84],"Fidelity":[85],"Score":[86],"(IFS),":[87],"stage-level":[89],"metric":[90],"measures":[92],"how":[93,172],"well":[94],"key":[95],"technical":[96],"entities":[97],"from":[98],"original":[100],"issue":[101],"survive":[102],"successive":[103],"agent":[104],"handoffs.":[105],"On":[106],"50":[107],"SWE-bench":[108],"Lite":[109],"issues,":[110],"blackboard":[112],"configuration":[113],"improves":[114],"Coder-stage":[115],"IFS":[116],"by":[117,129],"62%":[118],"over":[119],"passing":[121],"(0.586":[122],"vs.":[123,134,191],"0.362)":[124],"correct":[126,138],"file":[127,139],"targeting":[128],"27.5":[130],"percentage":[131],"points":[132],"(82.6%":[133],"55.1%).":[135],"Once":[136],"is":[140],"identified,":[141],"however,":[142],"all":[143],"configurations":[144],"converge":[145],"~22%":[148],"conditional":[149],"resolve":[150],"rate,":[151],"revealing":[152],"downstream":[154],"bottleneck":[155,168,209],"LLM":[157],"diff":[158],"generation.":[159],"Building":[160],"on":[161],"decompositions,":[163],"information-flow":[167],"predicts":[171],"upstream":[173],"gains":[174],"attenuate":[175],"at":[176],"patch-generation":[178],"stage;":[179],"accounts":[182],"modest":[185],"end-to-end":[186],"resolve-rate":[187],"improvement":[188],"observed":[189],"(16%":[190],"12%).":[192],"These":[193],"findings":[194],"identify":[195],"as":[198],"measurable,":[200],"separable":[201],"dimension":[203],"supply":[205],"tools—IFS":[206],"model—for":[210],"diagnosing":[211],"future":[213],"improvements":[214],"SE":[217],"pipelines":[218],"should":[219],"be":[220],"targeted.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2026-05-21T00:00:00"}