{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161757354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402","title":"Sustainable Two-Wheeler Electrification: Forecasting the Optimal Age for Electric Vehicle Retrofitting Using Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Sustainable Two-Wheeler Electrification: Forecasting the Optimal Age for Electric Vehicle Retrofitting Using Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161757354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116116580","display_name":"Aishvaria Gorityala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aishvaria Gorityala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136540817","display_name":"Sudha Radhika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-2913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudha Radhika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-2913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061318706","display_name":"Ankur Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-7238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-7238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089686987","display_name":"Joyjit Mukherjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-3434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyjit Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-3434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136539020","display_name":"Sara Deilami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-6377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Deilami","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-6377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55770349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"91145","last_page":"91162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8928999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8928999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrofitting","display_name":"Retrofitting","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-safety","display_name":"Vehicle safety","score":0.2856999933719635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24662","display_name":"Retrofitting","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986542766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2090494","display_name":"Vehicle safety","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161657586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203326","display_name":"Technology forecasting","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ea75588ec2f4f988aa1b4d9a9d1b65b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ea75588ec2f4f988aa1b4d9a9d1b65b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 91145-91162 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3695402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3695402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrofitting":[0],"internal":[1],"combustion":[2,138],"engine":[3],"(ICE)":[4],"two-wheelers":[5,68],"to":[6,36,48,59,129,186],"electric":[7,28],"vehicles":[8,83],"offers":[9],"a":[10,22,39,45,149,191,202,228,254],"practical":[11],"pathway":[12],"for":[13,65,118],"reducing":[14],"emissions":[15],"while":[16],"extending":[17],"the":[18,31,61,159,172,210],"vehicle\u2019s":[19],"lifetime":[20],"at":[21,109],"lower":[23],"cost":[24],"than":[25],"purchasing":[26],"new":[27],"models.":[29],"However,":[30],"lack":[32],"of":[33,115,205,250,257],"objective":[34],"criteria":[35],"determine":[37],"when":[38],"vehicle":[40,120,203],"should":[41],"be":[42],"converted":[43],"remains":[44],"major":[46],"barrier":[47],"large-scale":[49],"adoption.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"work,":[53],"an":[54,180,234],"experimental":[55],"framework":[56],"is":[57,176],"developed":[58],"identify":[60],"retrofit":[62,161,173,195],"feasibility":[63,162,174],"boundary":[64],"ageing":[66],"ICE":[67],"by":[69,132],"jointly":[70],"analysing":[71],"mechanical":[72,135,214],"condition,":[73],"emission":[74,102],"behaviour,":[75],"and":[76,88,100,139,175,193,218,233],"performance":[77,140,216],"degradation.":[78],"Four":[79],"TVS":[80],"XL":[81],"100":[82],"aged":[84],"4,":[85],"6,":[86],"9,":[87],"10":[89,110],"years":[90,208],"were":[91,107,146],"evaluated":[92],"using":[93,227],"chassis":[94],"dynamometer":[95],"testing,":[96],"tri-axial":[97],"vibration":[98,105],"measurements,":[99],"exhaust":[101],"analysis.":[103],"High-frequency":[104],"data":[106],"acquired":[108],"kHz,":[111],"resulting":[112],"in":[113],"thousands":[114],"feature":[116],"observations":[117],"each":[119],"condition.":[121],"A":[122,221],"Component":[123],"Health":[124],"Index":[125],"(CHI)":[126],"was":[127,225],"formulated":[128],"quantify":[130],"degradation":[131,144],"integrating":[133],"vibration-based":[134],"indicators":[136,145],"with":[137,253],"metrics.":[141],"These":[142],"multi-domain":[143],"used":[147],"as":[148,158],"supervised":[150],"learning":[151,154],"based":[152],"machine":[153],"model":[155,170],"that":[156,201],"serves":[157],"predictive":[160],"component.":[163],"The":[164,197],"Deep":[165],"Spider\u2013Wasp":[166],"Belief":[167],"Network":[168],"(DSWBN)":[169],"predicts":[171],"then":[177],"processed":[178],"through":[179],"AI-based":[181],"fuzzy":[182],"inference":[183],"decision":[184],"layer":[185],"convert":[187],"probabilistic":[188],"results":[189,198,240],"into":[190],"clear":[192],"actionable":[194],"decision.":[196],"consistently":[199],"indicate":[200],"age":[204],"approximately":[206,258],"nine":[207],"provides":[209],"best":[211],"balance":[212],"between":[213],"integrity,":[215],"decline,":[217],"economic":[219],"return.":[220],"complete":[222],"hardware":[223],"conversion":[224],"implemented":[226],"60V,":[229],"30Ah":[230],"lithium-iron-phosphate":[231],"battery":[232],"800W":[235],"BLDC":[236],"hub":[237],"motor.":[238],"Experimental":[239],"closely":[241],"matched":[242],"simulation":[243],"outcomes.":[244],"Techno-economic":[245],"analysis":[246],"shows":[247],"annual":[248],"savings":[249],"Rs.":[251],"79,396":[252],"payback":[255],"period":[256],"4.9":[259],"months.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2026-05-21T00:00:00"}
