{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161737748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980","title":"Risk Prediction in Design of Distributed Supply Chains Using Machine-Learning: A Bi-Objective Optimal Approach","display_name":"Risk Prediction in Design of Distributed Supply Chains Using Machine-Learning: A Bi-Objective Optimal Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161737748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136498556","display_name":"Shirin Shahsavary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shirin Shahsavary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Production and Operations Analytics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0016-3522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Production and Operations Analytics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069015094","display_name":"Moayad Alnammi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moayad Alnammi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-5348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032475941","display_name":"Javad Navaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javad Navaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Powell, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9965-110X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Powell, OH, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136454969","display_name":"Ahmed Azab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Azab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Production and Operations Analytics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Production and Operations Analytics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52270319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"77958","last_page":"77982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11864","display_name":"Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management","score":0.6676999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11864","display_name":"Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management","score":0.6676999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11413","display_name":"Risk and Portfolio Optimization","score":0.013399999588727951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-risk-management","display_name":"Supply chain risk management","score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-management","display_name":"Supply chain management","score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.295199990272522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6985999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192639820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114469","display_name":"Supply chain risk management","level":5,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44104985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886","display_name":"Supply chain management","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.24079999327659607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3584ba943f24e5c8d3178541cc37972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3584ba943f24e5c8d3178541cc37972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 77958-77982 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5135099291801453,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311065","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"today\u2019s":[1],"interconnected":[2],"and":[3,22,34,53,68,103,129,141,175,188,224],"volatile":[4],"global":[5,276],"economy,":[6],"distributed":[7],"manufacturing":[8],"has":[9],"become":[10],"not":[11],"only":[12],"feasible":[13],"but":[14],"imperative.":[15],"Traditional":[16],"facility":[17,58,260],"location":[18,261],"models,":[19],"typically":[20],"static":[21],"deterministic,":[23],"fail":[24],"to":[25,95,115,218,247],"capture":[26],"the":[27,86,160,209,220,227,233,240,249],"dynamic":[28],"risks":[29],"posed":[30],"by":[31,165,230],"geopolitical":[32],"instability":[33],"socioeconomic":[35],"volatility.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"this,":[39],"a":[40,89,119,149,181,189,213],"bi-objective":[41],"Integer":[42],"Linear":[43],"Programming":[44],"(ILP)":[45],"model":[46,61,134,143,179],"is":[47,85,146,245],"developed":[48],"that":[49,124,254],"simultaneously":[50],"minimizes":[51],"cost":[52,223],"risk":[54,98,121,203],"in":[55,172],"supply":[56,277],"chain":[57],"decisions.":[59],"The":[60,177],"permits":[62],"flexible":[63],"reallocation":[64],"of":[65,82,88,185,192],"existing":[66],"capacities":[67],"explores":[69],"new":[70],"potential":[71],"sites":[72],"under":[73],"various":[74],"shift-based":[75],"capacity":[76],"expansion":[77],"patterns.":[78],"A":[79,132,236],"core":[80],"contribution":[81],"this":[83],"work":[84],"integration":[87],"robust":[90],"Machine":[91],"Learning":[92],"(ML)":[93],"framework":[94,271],"estimate":[96],"location-specific":[97],"based":[99],"on":[100,199],"political,":[101,127],"economic,":[102,128],"social":[104,130],"factors.":[105],"Using":[106],"an":[107,268],"extensive":[108],"dataset":[109],"covering":[110],"161":[111],"countries":[112],"from":[113,239],"2006":[114],"2019,":[116],"we":[117],"construct":[118],"multiclass":[120],"prediction":[122],"pipeline":[123],"incorporates":[125],"coordinates,":[126],"indicators.":[131],"comprehensive":[133],"selection":[135],"exercise,":[136],"spanning":[137],"23":[138],"feature-set":[139],"configurations":[140],"42":[142],"hyperparameter":[144],"combinations,":[145],"performed":[147],"using":[148,212],"stratified":[150],"ten-fold":[151,182],"cross-validation":[152],"approach.":[153],"Random":[154],"Forests":[155],"(RF)":[156],"ensemble":[157],"emerges":[158],"as":[159],"top-performing":[161],"classifier,":[162],"followed":[163],"closely":[164],"XGBoost":[166],"(XGB),":[167],"significantly":[168],"outperforming":[169],"neural":[170],"networks":[171],"both":[173],"accuracy":[174,184],"robustness.":[176],"RF":[178,231],"achieves":[180],"cross-validated":[183],"over":[186,193],"96%":[187],"macro":[190],"F1-score":[191],"95%,":[194],"indicating":[195],"strong":[196],"performance":[197],"even":[198],"minority":[200],"classes.":[201],"These":[202],"predictions":[204,228],"are":[205],"then":[206],"embedded":[207],"into":[208,259],"ILP":[210],"formulation":[211],"lexicographic":[214],"preemptive":[215],"optimization":[216],"approach":[217],"resolve":[219],"trade-off":[221],"between":[222],"risk,":[225],"given":[226],"made":[229],"for":[232,272],"years":[234],"2020-2024.":[235],"case":[237],"study":[238],"North":[241],"American":[242],"automotive":[243],"sector":[244],"used":[246],"validate":[248],"proposed":[250],"methodology.":[251],"Results":[252],"demonstrate":[253],"incorporating":[255],"ML-based":[256],"fragility":[257],"forecasts":[258],"planning":[262],"enables":[263],"risk-aware,":[264],"cost-effective":[265],"decision-making":[266],"via":[267],"integrated":[269],"decision-support":[270],"organizations":[273],"navigating":[274],"uncertain":[275],"chains.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2026-05-20T00:00:00"}
