{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161606093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638","title":"DriveAware: Multimodal Wearable Sensing\u2013Based Machine Learning Approaches to Detect Driver Distraction","display_name":"DriveAware: Multimodal Wearable Sensing\u2013Based Machine Learning Approaches to Detect Driver Distraction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161606093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093979660","display_name":"Heba Montaser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heba Montaser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057468352","display_name":"Ghazal Bargshady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghazal Bargshady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-7928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117484314","display_name":"Hakki Gokalp Ustun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakki Gokalp Ustun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136415827","display_name":"Girija Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-8644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girija Chetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-8644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072981510","display_name":"Houshyar Asadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-8693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houshyar Asadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovations (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-8693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovations (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136341567","display_name":"Jeroen Boxtel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen Van Boxtel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8095332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"84995","last_page":"85008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.5895000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.5895000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.23389999568462372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.032099999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.737500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.7139000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.29499998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.737500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.7139000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5821999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60692881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584529","display_name":"Humanoid robot","level":3,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1620d1755df842f7bcf0bc625f2fe71e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1620d1755df842f7bcf0bc625f2fe71e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 84995-85008 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320992","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"distraction":[1,29,121],"is":[2],"a":[3,24,125,258],"major":[4],"public":[5],"health":[6],"and":[7,17,39,48,55,60,82,98,137,148,150,156,170,175,195,232],"road":[8,52],"safety":[9],"concern,":[10],"linked":[11],"to":[12,27,89,266],"delayed":[13],"reactions,":[14],"impaired":[15],"attention,":[16],"increased":[18],"crash":[19],"risk.":[20],"This":[21,107],"study":[22],"introduces":[23],"simulation-based":[25],"framework":[26],"detect":[28],"by":[30,67,222,233],"systematically":[31,159],"collecting":[32],"multimodal":[33,138,250],"physiological":[34,103,251],"signals,":[35],"electrodermal":[36],"activity":[37],"(EDA)":[38],"photoplethysmography":[40],"(PPG),":[41],"across":[42,202],"three":[43,190],"driver":[44,120],"states":[45],"(baseline,":[46],"undistracted,":[47,194],"distracted)":[49],"under":[50],"diverse":[51],"conditions.":[53],"Sessions":[54],"secondary-task":[56],"orders":[57],"were":[58,77,158,200],"randomised,":[59],"performance":[61,219],"was":[62],"assessed":[63],"using":[64,84],"nine-fold":[65],"cross-validation":[66],"leaving":[68],"five":[69],"subjects":[70],"out":[71],"each":[72],"fold":[73],"for":[74,119,189,226,237,261],"evaluation.":[75],"Features":[76],"extracted":[78],"from":[79],"both":[80],"modalities":[81],"refined":[83],"Shapley":[85],"Additive":[86],"exPlanations":[87],"(SHAP)":[88],"identify":[90],"the":[91,110,205,217,246],"most":[92],"significant":[93],"features,":[94],"enhancing":[95],"model":[96],"transparency":[97],"offering":[99],"new":[100],"insights":[101],"into":[102],"markers":[104],"of":[105,128,185,192,208,229,240,248],"distraction.":[106],"design":[108],"frames":[109],"method":[111],"as":[112,257],"an":[113],"enhanced":[114],"AI":[115],"decision-support":[116],"pipeline":[117],"suitable":[118],"alerting.":[122],"We":[123],"conducted":[124],"comprehensive":[126],"evaluation":[127],"multiple":[129],"machine":[130],"learning":[131],"models,":[132],"comparing":[133],"unimodal":[134],"(PPG-only,":[135],"EDA-only)":[136],"fusion":[139,144,152,166,210],"approaches.":[140],"In":[141],"particular,":[142],"middle":[143],"with":[145,173,254],"Random":[146],"Forest":[147],"XGBoost,":[149],"late":[151,165],"through":[153,167],"soft":[154,168],"voting":[155,169],"stacking,":[157,171],"explored.":[160],"The":[161],"results":[162],"show":[163],"that":[164],"combined":[172,253],"XGBoost":[174,221],"SHAP-based":[176],"feature":[177],"selection,":[178],"significantly":[179],"outperforms":[180],"single-modality":[181,212],"approaches,":[182],"achieving":[183],"accuracy":[184],"(73.37":[186],"\u00b1":[187,224,235],"3.52)%":[188],"level":[191],"baseline,":[193],"distracted":[196],"driving.":[197],"Multimodal":[198],"gains":[199],"consistent":[201],"folds,":[203],"underscoring":[204],"reliability":[206],"benefits":[207],"decision-level":[209],"over":[211],"models.":[213],"Whereas,":[214],"we":[215],"obtained":[216],"best":[218],"in":[220],"(71.19":[223],"2.85)%":[225],"single":[227,238],"modality":[228,239],"EDA":[230],"only":[231],"(69.63":[234],"4.07)%":[236],"PPG":[241],"only.":[242],"These":[243],"findings":[244],"highlight":[245],"potential":[247],"interpretable":[249],"monitoring,":[252,264],"wearable":[255],"sensing,":[256],"promising":[259],"direction":[260],"real-time":[262],"driver-state":[263],"subject":[265],"further":[267],"validation.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}
