{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161173255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606","title":"Utility-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems\u2014Field Pilot Unit Experience, Analysis, and Review of Technological Advancements","display_name":"Utility-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems\u2014Field Pilot Unit Experience, Analysis, and Review of Technological Advancements","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161173255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136099660","display_name":"Kwabena A. Kyeremeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-7782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwabena A. Kyeremeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-7782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136114925","display_name":"Shaun E. Lavin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166889024","display_name":"Cedar Crest College","ror":"https://ror.org/03vxay285","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166889024"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaun E. Lavin","raw_affiliation_strings":["PPL Corporation, Allentown, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8261-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PPL Corporation, Allentown, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166889024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079211006","display_name":"Grant M. Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3730-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grant M. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079397152","display_name":"Dan M. Ionel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-1972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan M. Ionel","raw_affiliation_strings":["SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-1972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPARK Laboratory, Stanley and Karen Pigman College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091809459","display_name":"Aron Patrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1600-1270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166889024","display_name":"Cedar Crest College","ror":"https://ror.org/03vxay285","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166889024"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aron Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["PPL Corporation, Allentown, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PPL Corporation, Allentown, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166889024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.3193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97369841,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"74274","last_page":"74288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.3824000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.3824000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11690","display_name":"Advanced battery technologies research","score":0.16179999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.037300001829862595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4244999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525592911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14554973","display_name":"Energy technology","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983735921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1832610","display_name":"Battery storage","level":4,"score":0.2712000012397766}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56d885f5db4648c0baf196a3cc7970be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56d885f5db4648c0baf196a3cc7970be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 74274-74288 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8301483988761902,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Utility-scale":[0],"Battery":[1],"Energy":[2],"Storage":[3],"Systems":[4],"(BESS)":[5],"are":[6,73,97,110],"becoming":[7],"increasingly":[8],"important":[9,184],"in":[10,115,142,153],"modern":[11],"power":[12,122,143],"systems,":[13,121],"providing":[14],"services":[15],"ranging":[16],"from":[17],"backup":[18],"support":[19],"to":[20,75,99,186,193],"load":[21],"balancing":[22],"and":[23,30,70,79,88,95,103,126,145,158,178,189,197],"peak":[24],"shaving.":[25],"The":[26,131,181],"long-term":[27],"operational":[28,45,89,163],"performance":[29,77,164,199],"reliability":[31,104,196],"of":[32,47,56,83,105,200],"these":[33],"systems":[34,124,129],"with":[35,92,112,150,165],"expanding":[36],"deployment":[37],"remain":[38],"insufficiently":[39],"documented.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"provides":[43],"an":[44],"assessment":[46],"a":[48,53],"1MW/2MWh":[49],"utility-scale":[50],"BESS":[51,116,203],"alongside":[52],"systematic":[54],"review":[55],"technology":[57],"developments":[58],"across":[59],"major":[60],"subsystems.":[61],"Operational":[62],"metrics":[63],"including":[64],"round-trip":[65],"efficiency":[66],"(RTE),":[67],"outage":[68],"characteristics,":[69],"degradation":[71],"patterns":[72],"examined":[74],"identify":[76],"trends":[78],"the":[80,101,195],"underlying":[81],"causes":[82],"outages.":[84],"In":[85],"addition,":[86],"testing":[87],"principles":[90],"aligned":[91],"utility":[93],"practice":[94],"standards":[96],"presented":[98],"ensure":[100],"safety":[102],"batteries.":[106],"These":[107],"field":[108,172],"experiences":[109,173],"compared":[111],"technological":[113,166],"advancements":[114],"subsystems":[117],"like":[118],"thermal":[119,154],"management":[120,128],"conversion":[123],"(PCS),":[125],"battery":[127],"(BMS).":[130],"analysis":[132],"shows":[133],"that":[134],"early":[135],"challenges":[136],"such":[137],"as":[138],"cooling":[139],"inefficiencies,":[140],"limitations":[141],"electronics,":[144],"frequent":[146],"unplanned":[147],"outages":[148],"correspond":[149],"subsequent":[151],"improvements":[152],"performance,":[155],"diagnostics,":[156],"modularity,":[157],"control":[159],"strategies.":[160],"By":[161],"comparing":[162],"enhancements,":[167],"this":[168],"study":[169],"demonstrates":[170],"how":[171],"have":[174],"influenced":[175],"research":[176],"directions":[177],"design":[179],"improvements.":[180],"results":[182],"provide":[183],"insights":[185],"utilities,":[187],"researchers,":[188],"policy":[190],"makers":[191],"seeking":[192],"enhance":[194],"life-cycle":[198],"next-generation":[201],"grid-scale":[202],"deployments.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}