{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161114484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469","title":"On the Optimality of Single-Label and Multi-Label Neural Network Decoders","display_name":"On the Optimality of Single-Label and Multi-Label Neural Network Decoders","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161114484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136169932","display_name":"Yunus Can G\u00fcltekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8551-2851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunus Can G\u00fcltek\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8551-2851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114617332","display_name":"P\u00e9ter Scheepers","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e9ter Scheepers","raw_affiliation_strings":["CatchSystems, Helmond, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CatchSystems, Helmond, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136103757","display_name":"Yuncheng Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuncheng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus Research Center, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus Research Center, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071837932","display_name":"Federico Corradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-8077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Corradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-8077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060148074","display_name":"Alex Alvarado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-3051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Alvarado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-3051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58557984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"74969","last_page":"74977"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9197999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9197999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.2872999906539917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7871999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988995629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915729","display_name":"Matrix algebra","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C812465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058375","display_name":"Cellular neural network","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e79dfd8eb6174b53b24fb36a581e07a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e79dfd8eb6174b53b24fb36a581e07a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 74969-74977 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigate":[1],"the":[2,18,43,74,89,109,147,154,171],"design":[3],"of":[4,50,73,173],"two":[5],"neural":[6],"network":[7,95],"(NN)":[8],"architectures":[9,64,78,101,138,151,187],"recently":[10],"proposed":[11,100,152],"as":[12],"decoders":[13,29],"for":[14,47,120,191],"forward":[15],"error":[16],"correction:":[17],"so-called":[19],"single-label":[20],"NN":[21,25],"(SLNN)":[22],"and":[23,37,62,79,127,149,179,193],"multi-label":[24],"(MLNN)":[26],"decoders.":[27],"These":[28,76],"have":[30],"been":[31],"reported":[32],"to":[33,85,164],"achieve":[34,160],"near-optimal":[35,161],"codeword-":[36],"bit-wise":[38],"performance,":[39],"respectively.":[40],"Results":[41],"in":[42,66,103,153,157],"literature":[44],"show":[45,134],"near-optimality":[46],"a":[48],"variety":[49],"short":[51],"codes.":[52,131,195],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"analytically":[57],"prove":[58],"that":[59,135],"certain":[60],"SLNN":[61,148,178],"MLNN":[63,150,180],"can,":[65],"fact,":[67],"always":[68],"realize":[69],"optimal":[70,77,137],"decoding,":[71,185],"regardless":[72],"code.":[75],"their":[80],"binary":[81],"weights":[82],"are":[83,102,140,143],"shown":[84],"be":[86,189],"defined":[87],"by":[88,170],"codebook,":[90],"i.e.,":[91],"no":[92],"training":[93],"or":[94],"optimization":[96],"is":[97,117,167],"required.":[98],"Our":[99],"fact":[104,158],"not":[105,141],"NNs,":[106],"but":[107],"implement":[108],"maximum":[110,183],"likelihood":[111,184],"decoding":[112],"rule":[113],"differently.":[114],"Optimal":[115],"performance":[116],"numerically":[118],"demonstrated":[119],"Hamming":[121],"(7;":[122],"4),":[123],"Polar":[124],"(16;":[125],"8),":[126],"BCH":[128],"(31;":[129],"21)":[130],"The":[132],"results":[133],"our":[136],"(which":[139],"NNs)":[142],"less":[144],"complex":[145],"than":[146],"literature,":[155],"which":[156],"only":[159],"performance.":[162],"Extension":[163],"longer":[165],"codes":[166],"still":[168],"hindered":[169],"curse":[172],"dimensionality.":[174],"Therefore,":[175],"even":[176],"though":[177],"can":[181],"perform":[182],"such":[186],"cannot":[188],"used":[190],"medium":[192],"long":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}
