{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161137907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311","title":"A Surrogate-Assisted Multi-Objective Framework for Thermal\u2013Hydraulic Optimization of Serpentine Liquid Cooling in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules","display_name":"A Surrogate-Assisted Multi-Objective Framework for Thermal\u2013Hydraulic Optimization of Serpentine Liquid Cooling in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161137907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013615718","display_name":"Nguyen Minh Chau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4648-9281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115718","display_name":"Thai Nguyen University","ror":"https://ror.org/02128gy91","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Minh Chau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4999-139X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135128496","display_name":"Le Van Quynh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115718","display_name":"Thai Nguyen University","ror":"https://ror.org/02128gy91","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Van Quynh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-3856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092314857","display_name":"Duong Ngoc Khanh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2256-147X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duong Ngoc Khanh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vehicle and Energy Conversion Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vehicle and Energy Conversion Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076115448","display_name":"Le Van Nghia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Van Nghia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vehicle and Energy Conversion Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vehicle and Energy Conversion Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136161699","display_name":"Nguyen Trung Kien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Trung Kien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automotive Engineering Technology, Dai Nam University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automotive Engineering Technology, Dai Nam University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136155859","display_name":"Ta Tuan Hung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138918","display_name":"University Of Transport Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp8y877","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138918"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ta Tuan Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical and Power Engineering, University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-6407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical and Power Engineering, University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138918"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133564263","display_name":"Nguyen Thi Hong Ngoc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115718","display_name":"Thai Nguyen University","ror":"https://ror.org/02128gy91","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Thi Hong Ngoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109281904","display_name":"Nguyen Trong Hieu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115718","display_name":"Thai Nguyen University","ror":"https://ror.org/02128gy91","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Trong Hieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.3873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97432755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"75238","last_page":"75258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.5813000202178955,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.5813000202178955,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.0689999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11053","display_name":"Process Optimization and Integration","score":0.03819999843835831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-cooling","display_name":"Computer cooling","score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.2924000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11026015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840551","display_name":"Computer cooling","level":3,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11527672daaf459382c8b7b3cc93d614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11527672daaf459382c8b7b3cc93d614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 75238-75258 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3693311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3693311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.449917733669281}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7664312655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B2024-TNA-16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optimizing":[0],"liquid-cooled":[1,248],"battery":[2,49,249],"modules":[3],"using":[4],"high-fidelity":[5],"computational":[6],"fluid":[7],"dynamics":[8],"(CFD)":[9],"remains":[10],"computationally":[11,238],"demanding,":[12],"particularly":[13],"when":[14],"multiple":[15],"design":[16,72,85,123],"variables":[17],"and":[18,58,74,94,106,163,201,208,237,244],"competing":[19],"performance":[20,99,246],"objectives":[21],"must":[22],"be":[23],"considered":[24],"simultaneously.":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27],"this":[28,30],"issue,":[29],"study":[31],"develops":[32],"a":[33,42,52,192,235],"surrogate-assisted":[34],"multi-objective":[35],"framework":[36],"for":[37,46,241],"the":[38,118,122,132,150,154,173,176,181,198,216,225,228],"thermal\u2013hydraulic":[39],"optimization":[40],"of":[41,121,194,215,227],"serpentine":[43],"liquid-cooling":[44],"system":[45],"cylindrical":[47],"lithium-ion":[48],"modules.":[50,250],"First,":[51],"three-dimensional":[53],"CFD":[54,213],"model":[55],"is":[56,66,113],"established":[57],"benchmarked":[59],"against":[60],"published":[61],"results.":[62],"Latin":[63],"hypercube":[64],"sampling":[65],"then":[67],"used":[68],"to":[69,82,97,116,139,187,191],"generate":[70],"representative":[71],"points,":[73],"Gaussian":[75],"process":[76],"regression":[77],"(GPR)":[78],"models":[79,127],"are":[80,128],"constructed":[81],"relate":[83],"three":[84,98],"variables,":[86],"namely":[87],"channel":[88,164],"wall":[89,165],"thickness,":[90],"coolant":[91],"inlet":[92,95,147,157],"velocity,":[93],"temperature,":[96,102,156],"metrics:":[100],"maximum":[101,103,155,199,202],"temperature":[104,148,161,200,203],"difference,":[105],"pressure":[107,169,182],"drop.":[108,170],"Morris":[109],"global":[110],"sensitivity":[111],"analysis":[112],"further":[114],"employed":[115],"quantify":[117],"relative":[119,220],"importance":[120],"variables.":[124],"The":[125,143,231],"surrogate":[126],"subsequently":[129],"coupled":[130],"with":[131,172],"Non-dominated":[133],"Sorting":[134],"Genetic":[135],"Algorithm":[136],"II":[137],"(NSGA-II)":[138],"obtain":[140],"Pareto-optimal":[141],"solutions.":[142],"results":[144],"indicate":[145],"that":[146],"has":[149],"strongest":[151],"influence":[152],"on":[153],"velocity":[158],"predominantly":[159],"affects":[160],"uniformity,":[162],"thickness":[166],"mainly":[167],"governs":[168],"Compared":[171],"baseline":[174],"design,":[175],"selected":[177,217],"Pareto":[178],"solution":[179],"reduces":[180],"drop":[183],"from":[184],"539.0":[185],"Pa":[186],"208.8":[188],"Pa,":[189],"corresponding":[190],"reduction":[193],"61.26%,":[195],"while":[196],"increasing":[197],"difference":[204],"by":[205],"only":[206],"0.21%":[207],"1.00%,":[209],"respectively.":[210],"A":[211],"full":[212],"re-evaluation":[214],"optimum":[218],"yields":[219],"errors":[221],"below":[222],"2.5%,":[223],"supporting":[224],"reliability":[226],"proposed":[229,232],"framework.":[230],"approach":[233],"provides":[234],"practical":[236],"efficient":[239],"tool":[240],"balancing":[242],"thermal":[243],"hydraulic":[245],"in":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}
