{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160641175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613","title":"Holo-Current Spectrum: A Novel Non-Invasive Detection Method of Misalignment and Rub-Impact Faults in Three Phase Induction Motor","display_name":"Holo-Current Spectrum: A Novel Non-Invasive Detection Method of Misalignment and Rub-Impact Faults in Three Phase Induction Motor","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160641175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3691613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118745859","display_name":"Umair Khalique","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110262843","display_name":"Yuncheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt1g669","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umair Khalique","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-4741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031425406","display_name":"Ahsan Ashfaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110262843","display_name":"Yuncheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt1g669","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Ashfaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135641218","display_name":"Xu Guanghua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8684-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Guanghua","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8684-7055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135648243","display_name":"Arslan. A. Rizvi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205892228","display_name":"Berlin School of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/03rkmps36","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205892228"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arslan A. Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Berlin School of Business and Innovation, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Informatics, Berlin School of Business and Innovation, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205892228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602239","display_name":"Zhen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-0217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110262843","display_name":"Yuncheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt1g669","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031591721","display_name":"Renghao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1974-7521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142539","display_name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/049jpjz09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renghao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Unmanned Systems, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Unmanned Systems, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135692011","display_name":"Yao Weidao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110262843","display_name":"Yuncheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt1g669","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Weidao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing and Digital Mining, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110262843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4121315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"71126","last_page":"71143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.47440001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.47440001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.12129999697208405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.0892999991774559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-spectrum","display_name":"Frequency spectrum","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-detector","display_name":"Phase detector","score":0.33480000495910645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122381330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Frequency spectrum","level":3,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173871940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471846","display_name":"Three-phase","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3691613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67fe4aa4c3cd42228a3465367d945760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67fe4aa4c3cd42228a3465367d945760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 71126-71143 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3691613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3691613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6780511140823364}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"industrial":[1],"applications,":[2],"incipient":[3],"misalignment":[4,146],"and":[5,24,29,100,138,153,181,190,234],"rub-impact":[6,158],"faults":[7,57,159,208],"in":[8,21,33,82,112,150,163,240,247],"three":[9],"phase":[10,101,104],"induction":[11,55,248],"motors":[12],"is":[13,148,229],"critical,":[14],"as":[15,49,236],"they":[16],"induce":[17],"abnormal":[18],"vibrations":[19],"resulting":[20],"accelerated":[22],"wear":[23],"tears,":[25],"elevated":[26],"energy":[27],"consumption":[28],"may":[30],"even":[31],"result":[32],"a":[34,44,89,113,130,172,210,221,237],"catastrophic":[35],"failure.":[36],"This":[37,65,109,197],"paper":[38],"presents":[39],"the":[40,68,83,145,182],"practical":[41],"implementation":[42],"of":[43,62,70,78,97,106,124,225],"novel":[45],"non-invasive":[46,223],"technique":[47,86,219],"known":[48],"Holo-current":[50,217],"spectrum":[51,61,218],"method,":[52],"that":[53,87,144,200],"detects":[54],"motor":[56],"by":[58,134],"using":[59],"frequency":[60],"stator":[63,107,201],"current.":[64,108],"method":[66,125],"eliminates":[67],"use":[69],"complex":[71],"external":[72],"sensor":[73],"systems.":[74],"The":[75,122,141,216],"core":[76],"novelty":[77],"this":[79],"work":[80],"lies":[81],"key-phasor":[84],"averaging":[85],"establishes":[88],"baseline":[90],"0\u00b0":[91],"reference":[92],"thus":[93],"enabling":[94],"precise":[95],"extraction":[96],"shaft":[98],"position":[99],"from":[102,187],"\u03b1\u2013\u03b2":[103],"vectors":[105],"process":[110],"results":[111,142],"2D":[114],"elliptical":[115,155,166],"orbital":[116,179],"representation":[117],"for":[118],"quantitative":[119],"eccentricity":[120],"analysis.":[121,215],"validation":[123],"was":[126,176],"carried":[127],"out":[128],"on":[129],"hybrid":[131],"experimental":[132],"setup":[133],"synchronously":[135],"acquiring":[136],"current":[137,189,202],"vibration":[139,191,214],"data.":[140],"identify":[143],"fault":[147,226,242],"prominent":[149,162],"1st,":[151],"2nd,":[152],"3rdorder":[154],"components":[156,167],"while":[157],"are":[160],"more":[161],"higher":[164],"order":[165],"i.e.":[168],"4thand":[169],"5thorder.":[170],"Moreover,":[171],"correlation":[173,198],"exceeding":[174],"0.92":[175],"observed":[177],"between":[178],"eccentricities":[180],"longitudinal":[183],"major":[184],"axis":[185],"inclination":[186],"both":[188],"signals":[192],"at":[193],"low":[194],"angular":[195],"speeds.":[196],"confirms":[199],"analysis":[203],"alone":[204],"can":[205],"diagnose":[206],"these":[207],"with":[209],"precision":[211],"comparable":[212],"to":[213],"provides":[220],"direct,":[222],"assessment":[224],"severity":[227],"level,":[228],"robust":[230],"against":[231],"rotor":[232],"asymmetries,":[233],"serves":[235],"significant":[238],"progression":[239],"early":[241],"identification":[243],"through":[244],"self-monitoring":[245],"intelligence":[246],"motors.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}