{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159961562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450","title":"Low-Loss and High-Efficiency Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulator Enabled by Synergistic Optical-Microwave Field Optimization","display_name":"Low-Loss and High-Efficiency Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulator Enabled by Synergistic Optical-Microwave Field Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159961562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041201461","display_name":"Guangrun Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangrun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602257","display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-0655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7785-4788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101923814","display_name":"Yi Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7079-7057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["34th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Guilin, Guangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"34th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Guilin, Guangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006584372","display_name":"Zhangwei Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3483-6826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangwei Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["34th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Guilin, Guangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"34th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Guilin, Guangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025660318","display_name":"Shuxiang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxiang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135092397","display_name":"Peiyang Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135075745","display_name":"Chuangyang Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuangyang Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54587662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"69531","last_page":"69539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.6348999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.6348999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.11469999700784683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.08500000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-niobate","display_name":"Lithium niobate","score":0.7045000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field","display_name":"Electric field","score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.2711000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7473000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424481","display_name":"Lithium niobate","level":2,"score":0.7045000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.6198999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:474ed2fea4654fa2b32e26c90308604d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/474ed2fea4654fa2b32e26c90308604d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 69531-69539 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.789077877998352,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1346804051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guike AB25069463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336753","funder_display_name":"Changsha Science and Technology Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2765174034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guike XT2503960007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330373","funder_display_name":"Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269975705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guike AD24010060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336753","funder_display_name":"Changsha Science and Technology Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330373","display_name":"Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336753","display_name":"Changsha Science and Technology Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-efficiency,":[0],"high-bandwidth":[1],"thin-film":[2],"lithium":[3],"niobate":[4],"(TFLN)":[5],"electro-optic":[6,119],"modulators":[7,133],"are":[8],"core":[9],"requirements":[10],"for":[11,129],"high-speed":[12],"optical":[13,45,111],"communication":[14],"systems.":[15],"Increasing":[16],"the":[17,22,41,90,94,136],"modulation":[18,42],"efficiency":[19,43],"can":[20],"reduce":[21],"device":[23],"size":[24],"and":[25,32,44,81,117,134],"drive":[26],"voltage,":[27],"significantly":[28],"improving":[29],"wafer":[30],"utilization":[31],"cost-effectiveness.":[33],"However,":[34],"an":[35,110,118],"inherent":[36],"physical":[37],"trade-off":[38],"exists":[39],"between":[40],"loss.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"this":[49,51],"challenge,":[50],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"a":[54,98],"novel":[55],"synergistic":[56],"control":[57],"structure:":[58],"1)":[59],"subwavelength":[60],"light":[61],"confinement":[62],"achieved":[63],"via":[64],"silicon":[65],"nanowire":[66],"heterowaveguides;":[67],"2)":[68],"sunken":[69],"inverted-step":[70],"electrodes":[71],"designed":[72],"to":[73],"enhance":[74],"electric":[75],"field":[76],"coupling":[77],"through":[78],"edge":[79],"effects;":[80],"3)":[82],"BaTiO3/SiO2":[83],"hybrid":[84],"cladding.":[85],"Through":[86],"multiphysics":[87],"co-design":[88],"simulations,":[89],"proposed":[91],"structure":[92],"overcomes":[93],"efficiency-loss":[95],"trade-off,":[96],"yielding":[97],"half-wave":[99],"voltage":[100],"length":[101],"product":[102],"of":[103,138],"0.92":[104],"V<inline-formula>":[105],"<tex-math":[106],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\cdot":[107],"$":[108],"</tex-math></inline-formula>cm,":[109],"absorption":[112],"loss":[113],"below":[114],"0.19":[115],"dB/cm,":[116],"bandwidth":[120],"exceeding":[121],"60":[122],"GHz.":[123],"This":[124],"work":[125],"provides":[126],"design":[127],"insights":[128],"developing":[130],"high-performance":[131],"TFLN":[132],"highlights":[135],"potential":[137],"co-optimized":[139],"photonic":[140],"structures.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:05:50.897203","created_date":"2026-05-04T00:00:00"}
