{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159941720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260","title":"Symbolic Analysis and Verification of Hybrid Post-Quantum TLS 1.2","display_name":"Symbolic Analysis and Verification of Hybrid Post-Quantum TLS 1.2","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159941720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005178683","display_name":"Duong Dinh Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-2084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duong Dinh Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-2084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030173635","display_name":"Kazuhiro Ogata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-3259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Ogata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-3259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135066540","display_name":"Santiago Escobar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-4781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317635190","display_name":"Valve (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020esap58","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317635190"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Escobar","raw_affiliation_strings":["VRAIN, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-4781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VRAIN, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317635190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135073643","display_name":"Sedat Akleylek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-6489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"and Sedat Akleylek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-6489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45422097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"66993","last_page":"67008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.046300001442432404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-trajectory-evaluation","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-data-analysis","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-analysis","display_name":"Program analysis","score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.2660999894142151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661193","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","level":3,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65620979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661176","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","level":2,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780654840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333341","display_name":"Abstract interpretation","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7869a14d81db46ed81e194b6569d390b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7869a14d81db46ed81e194b6569d390b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 66993-67008 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5373582291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-122830OB-C42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6767021522","display_name":"\u30dd\u30b9\u30c8\u91cf\u5b50\u6697\u53f7\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u89e3\u6790\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\uff08\uff26\uff21\uff36\uff30\uff31\uff23\uff09","funder_award_id":"JPMJSC20C2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7705219161","display_name":"Kuantum Sonras\u0131 Kriptografik Protokollerin Bi\u00e7imsel Analizi ve Do\u011frulanmas\u0131 (FAVPQC)","funder_award_id":"121R006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8039020194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRG946","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334989","funder_display_name":"Estonian Research Competency Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334989","display_name":"Estonian Research Competency Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transport":[0],"Layer":[1],"Security":[2],"(TLS)":[3],"is":[4,153],"a":[5,46],"fundamental":[6],"protocol":[7,53,147],"for":[8,142],"securing":[9],"communications":[10],"over":[11],"untrusted":[12],"networks.":[13],"With":[14],"the":[15,51,56,62,73,106,126,130,137,155,158],"rising":[16],"threat":[17],"of":[18,33,50,108,112,129,146,157],"quantum":[19,39,86,123],"computing,":[20],"Amazon":[21],"Web":[22],"Services":[23],"(AWS)":[24],"proposed":[25],"Hybrid":[26],"Post-Quantum":[27],"(PQ)":[28],"TLS,":[29],"an":[30,143,163],"extended":[31],"version":[32,165],"TLS":[34],"1.2":[35],"designed":[36],"to":[37,171],"resist":[38],"attacks.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,161],"present":[45],"formal":[47],"symbolic":[48],"analysis":[49,70],"AWS":[52,159],"proposal":[54],"using":[55],"CafeOBJ":[57,138],"algebraic":[58],"specification":[59],"language":[60],"and":[61,88,116,122,140,149],"Invariant":[63],"Proof":[64],"Score":[65],"Generator":[66],"(IPSG)":[67],"tool.":[68],"Our":[69],"formally":[71],"evaluates":[72],"protocol’s":[74],"resilience":[75],"under":[76],"two":[77],"attacker":[78],"models:":[79],"one":[80,89],"where":[81,90],"classical":[82,121],"primitives":[83,92],"fail":[84],"(by":[85],"adversaries),":[87],"PQ":[91],"are":[93,97,134],"compromised":[94],"(as":[95],"they":[96],"relatively":[98],"new).":[99],"We":[100],"verify":[101],"key":[102],"security":[103,127],"properties,":[104],"including":[105],"confidentiality":[107,111],"session":[109],"keys,":[110,115],"ephemeral":[113],"secret":[114],"forward":[117],"secrecy,":[118],"against":[119],"both":[120],"adversaries,":[124],"confirming":[125],"claims":[128],"proposal.":[131],"All":[132],"proofs":[133],"executable":[135],"within":[136],"system":[139],"hold":[141],"unbounded":[144],"number":[145],"participants":[148],"sessions.":[150],"Although":[151],"authentication":[152],"beyond":[154],"scope":[156],"protocol,":[160],"propose":[162],"improved":[164],"that":[166],"incorporates":[167],"hybrid":[168],"digital":[169],"signatures":[170],"restore":[172],"quantum-safe":[173],"authentication.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T13:12:06.581006","created_date":"2026-05-04T00:00:00"}