{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158746030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051","title":"Color-Glove-Assisted Recognition of Pakistan Sign Language Alphabets Using Geometrical Features","display_name":"Color-Glove-Assisted Recognition of Pakistan Sign Language Alphabets Using Geometrical Features","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158746030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134926851","display_name":"Sohail Farooq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081975327","display_name":"Farman Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farman Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009589766","display_name":"Waseem Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-5120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waseem Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-5120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123341611","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Saqlain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Saqlain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-5168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134877736","display_name":"Aqsa Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5109-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800060998","display_name":"Government Sadiq College Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zp49f50","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060998"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqsa Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5109-3360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800060998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134902813","display_name":"Irfan Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-0306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-0306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64110914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"67135","last_page":"67154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.3222000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75864dcd121e4f0c90899e7cd8c0c4a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75864dcd121e4f0c90899e7cd8c0c4a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 67135-67154 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3688051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3688051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4558376967906952,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3991023057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8434000534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322924","funder_display_name":"Changsha University of Science\u00a0and\u00a0Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5865695991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2021-085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322924","funder_display_name":"Changsha University of Science\u00a0and\u00a0Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6563581932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RC1-2018-KUCARS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322924","funder_display_name":"Changsha University of Science\u00a0and\u00a0Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322924","display_name":"Changsha University of Science\u00a0and\u00a0Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sign":[0,15],"language":[1],"is":[2,18,145],"a":[3,19,67,139,163,187,213,235,246,270],"vital":[4],"mode":[5],"of":[6,73,86,174,230,239,261],"communication":[7],"for":[8,44,70,153,264,272],"the":[9,28,71,149,160,168,192,208,259],"deaf":[10],"and":[11,57,89,124,135,181,244,253,268],"hard-of-hearing":[12],"community,":[13],"Pakistan":[14],"Language":[16],"(PSL)":[17],"natural":[20],"language;":[21],"in":[22],"this":[23,116,231,262],"study,":[24],"we":[25],"focus":[26],"on":[27,110,184,207],"PSL":[29,45,76,105,142,154,210,241,274],"manual":[30],"alphabet":[31,143,275],"(fingerspelling)":[32],"used":[33],"to":[34,49,148,220],"represent":[35],"Urdu":[36],"letters.":[37],"While":[38],"several":[39],"approaches":[40],"have":[41],"been":[42],"proposed":[43,79],"recognition,":[46],"challenges":[47],"related":[48],"limited":[50,150],"publicly":[51],"available":[52,152],"datasets,":[53],"cost-effective":[54,247],"acquisition":[55],"setups,":[56],"efficient":[58,223],"feature":[59,120],"representation":[60],"remain":[61],"insufficiently":[62],"explored.":[63],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"presents":[66],"color-glove-assisted":[68],"framework":[69,249],"recognition":[72,205,248],"34":[74,240,265],"static":[75,242,266],"alphabets.":[77],"The":[78,227,256],"approach":[80,263],"involves":[81],"video-based":[82,141,237],"dataset":[83,144,238],"collection,":[84],"extraction":[85,121],"geometrical":[87,119,254],"features,":[88,115,186],"classification":[90],"using":[91],"Support":[92],"Vector":[93],"Machines":[94],"(SVM)":[95],"with":[96,127,162,195],"an":[97,172],"optimized":[98,128],"kernel":[99,130,166],"selection":[100],"strategy.":[101],"Unlike":[102],"earlier":[103],"glove-assisted":[104],"works":[106],"that":[107,159],"relied":[108],"mainly":[109],"fuzzy":[111],"inference":[112],"or":[113],"pixel-level":[114],"study":[117],"introduces":[118],"(centroid,":[122],"distances,":[123],"angles)":[125],"combined":[126],"SVM":[129,161],"selection,":[131],"offering":[132],"both":[133],"accuracy":[134,173],"efficiency.":[136],"In":[137],"addition,":[138],"new":[140,236],"introduced,":[146],"contributing":[147],"resources":[151],"research.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"Gaussian":[164],"RBF":[165],"achieves":[167],"highest":[169],"performance,":[170],"attaining":[171],"93.62%.":[175],"To":[176],"further":[177],"improve":[178],"model":[179,190,216],"generalization":[180],"reduce":[182],"reliance":[183],"handcrafted":[185],"deep":[188,224],"learning":[189,201,225],"employing":[191],"VGG16":[193],"network":[194],"fine-tuning":[196],"was":[197,217],"introduced":[198],"alongside":[199],"machine":[200],"classifiers,":[202],"yielding":[203],"enhanced":[204],"performance":[206],"custom":[209],"dataset.":[211],"Furthermore,":[212],"lightweight":[214],"MobileNet-V2":[215],"also":[218],"evaluated":[219],"investigate":[221],"computationally":[222],"performance.":[226],"key":[228],"novelties":[229],"work":[232],"include":[233],"1)":[234],"alphabets,":[243],"2)":[245],"leveraging":[250],"color":[251],"gloves":[252],"features.":[255],"findings":[257],"validate":[258],"efficacy":[260],"alphabets":[267],"provide":[269],"foundation":[271],"future":[273],"recognition.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-01T00:00:00"}
