{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158841854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664","title":"Flexible Network Functions in Edge Clouds: Enhancing Processing Capabilities With StateProc","display_name":"Flexible Network Functions in Edge Clouds: Enhancing Processing Capabilities With StateProc","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158841854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093415401","display_name":"Mahdi Attawna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9444-6315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Attawna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9444-6315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073271455","display_name":"Tung V. Doan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2220-0869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung V. Doan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2220-0869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087224161","display_name":"Osel Lhamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-7617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osel Lhamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-7617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134895330","display_name":"Giang T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-1537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giang T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Haptic Communication Systems, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-1537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Haptic Communication Systems, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062422672","display_name":"Patrick Seeling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2770-0675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Seeling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2770-0675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031060437","display_name":"Martin Reisslein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Reisslein","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-233X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134885142","display_name":"Frank H. P. Fitzek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-9573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank H. P. Fitzek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-9573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093415401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91159286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"65121","last_page":"65149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.4602999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.4602999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.2143000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-network","display_name":"Intelligent Network","score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-mail","display_name":"Electronic mail","score":0.23559999465942383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.23559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2329999953508377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2312999963760376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d23a50638b7b49b599218adc75837afe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d23a50638b7b49b599218adc75837afe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 65121-65149 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1375572575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"390696704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G252029518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK001K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8257534179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101073465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(MEC)":[3],"brings":[4],"computation":[5],"close":[6],"to":[7,9,38,54,95,147,213,216,238],"end-users":[8],"support":[10],"latency-sensitive":[11],"applications,":[12],"such":[13,80],"as":[14,201],"tele-manipulation":[15],"and":[16,43,87,134,167,185],"autonomous":[17,187,221],"driving.":[18,188],"While":[19],"Network":[20,51],"Function":[21],"Virtualization":[22],"(NFV)":[23],"facilitates":[24],"the":[25,84,129,143,158,190,205,208,220,231,239],"deployment":[26],"of":[27,207],"these":[28,47,71,100],"services,":[29],"MEC":[30,180],"applications":[31],"must":[32],"still":[33],"satisfy":[34],"strict":[35],"requirements":[36,48],"related":[37],"mobility,":[39],"fault":[40],"tolerance,":[41],"scalability,":[42],"low-latency":[44,118],"processing.":[45],"Fulfilling":[46],"often":[49,91],"compels":[50],"Functions":[52],"(NFs)":[53],"incorporate":[55],"custom":[56,73,113,131,149,202,228],"processing":[57,74,114,125,132,150,203,229],"capabilities":[58,75,81,115],"beyond":[59],"their":[60,88],"initial":[61],"design.":[62],"However,":[63],"existing":[64],"approaches":[65],"frequently":[66],"fall":[67],"short":[68],"in":[69,76],"supporting":[70],"additional":[72],"NFs,":[77],"particularly":[78],"when":[79],"rely":[82],"on":[83,173],"NF":[85],"states":[86],"transfer,":[89],"which":[90],"requires":[92],"extensive":[93],"modifications":[94],"source":[96],"code.":[97],"To":[98],"address":[99],"challenges,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"StateProc,":[104],"a":[105,123,135,174],"flexible":[106],"framework":[107],"that":[108,127,139],"empowers":[109],"stateful":[110],"NFs":[111,146],"with":[112,151,198],"through":[116],"optimized,":[117],"state":[119,159,164,196,232],"transfer.":[120],"StateProc":[121,156,172],"introduces":[122],"controller-side":[124],"manager":[126],"coordinates":[128],"distributed":[130],"consistency":[133],"portable":[136],"shared":[137],"library":[138],"is":[140],"embedded":[141],"within":[142],"data":[144],"plane":[145],"execute":[148],"minimal":[152],"code":[153],"intrusion.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"minimizes":[157],"transfer":[160,197,233],"latency":[161],"by":[162,235],"integrating":[163],"priming,":[165],"aggregation,":[166],"control":[168],"thinning.":[169],"We":[170],"evaluate":[171],"practical":[175],"testbed":[176],"using":[177],"two":[178],"representative":[179],"use":[181,192,223],"cases:":[182],"robot":[183],"collaboration":[184],"network-assisted":[186],"In":[189,219],"robotics":[191],"case,":[193,224],"employing":[194],"selective":[195],"adaptive":[199],"deadbands":[200],"improves":[204],"time-average":[206],"linear":[209],"prediction":[210],"accuracy":[211],"up":[212],"five-fold":[214],"compared":[215,237],"conventional":[217],"approaches.":[218],"driving":[222],"applying":[225],"delta-encoding":[226],"via":[227],"reduces":[230],"time":[234],"40–60%":[236],"baseline.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T06:03:25.996018","created_date":"2026-05-01T00:00:00"}