{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156369976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256","title":"Fuzzy Fractional-Order Adaptive Control for Mobility-as-a-Service Orchestration: A Cybernetic Approach","display_name":"Fuzzy Fractional-Order Adaptive Control for Mobility-as-a-Service Orchestration: A Cybernetic Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156369976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063669087","display_name":"Ahmed Abdel Aziz Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-200X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Abdelaziz Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-200X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039120922","display_name":"Ghassan Malkawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-7561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan Malkawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIS, Faculty of Computer Information, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-7561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIS, Faculty of Computer Information, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051609871","display_name":"Firuz Kamalov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-0920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firuz Kamalov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-0920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.1225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98359563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"64459","last_page":"64475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.15639999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.15639999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.12280000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.06870000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybernetics","display_name":"Cybernetics","score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-control-system","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-system","display_name":"Adaptive system","score":0.4458000063896179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82327864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835100","display_name":"Intelligent control","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59594135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249242","display_name":"Decision model","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbafee4f388644dc8a99bab0c631724f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbafee4f388644dc8a99bab0c631724f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 64459-64475 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3687256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3687256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313827","display_name":"Higher College of Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobility-as-a-Service":[0],"(MaaS)":[1],"orchestration":[2],"faces":[3],"critical":[4,216],"challenges":[5],"in":[6],"managing":[7],"the":[8,56,115,122,126,146,179,200,215],"Service":[9],"Quality":[10],"Index":[11,20],"(SQI),":[12],"Fleet":[13],"Utilization":[14],"Ratio":[15],"(FUR),":[16],"and":[17,24,34,41,71,98,102,158,190,210,235,250,268,284,293,309],"Dynamic":[18],"Pricing":[19],"(DPI)":[21],"under":[22,279],"uncertain":[23],"time-varying":[25],"urban":[26,50,151,315],"demand.":[27],"Existing":[28],"approaches\u2014including":[29],"multi-agent":[30],"reinforcement":[31],"learning":[32],"(MARL)":[33],"hybrid":[35],"learning-optimization":[36],"methods\u2014lack":[37],"provable":[38],"stability":[39,174],"guarantees":[40,186],"systematic":[42],"uncertainty":[43],"handling,":[44],"limiting":[45],"their":[46],"reliability":[47],"for":[48,60,313],"safety-critical":[49],"mobility":[51,316],"systems.":[52,317],"This":[53,303],"paper":[54],"introduces":[55],"first":[57],"control-theoretic":[58],"framework":[59],"MaaS":[61,127],"that":[62,94,109],"simultaneously":[63],"provides":[64,99,305],"fractional-order":[65],"modeling,":[66],"complete":[67,104,226],"fuzzy":[68,106],"rule":[69],"coverage,":[70],"Lyapunov-guaranteed":[72],"stability.":[73,271],"The":[74],"proposed":[75],"Fractional-Order":[76],"Adaptive":[77],"Fuzzy":[78],"Controller":[79],"(FOAFC)":[80],"embodies":[81],"Ashby\u2019s":[82],"Law":[83],"of":[84,125,150,162,295,297],"Requisite":[85],"Variety":[86],"through":[87],"a":[88,91,103,289,306],"dual":[89],"mechanism:":[90],"proportional":[92],"component":[93],"attenuates":[95],"large-scale":[96],"disturbances":[97],"global":[100],"stability,":[101,211],"2,187-rule":[105],"inference":[107],"system":[108,192,227],"amplifies":[110],"fine-grained":[111],"decision":[112],"variety":[113,124],"near":[114],"operating":[116],"equilibrium\u2014together":[117],"matching":[118],"controller":[119],"complexity":[120],"to":[121,143,171,199],"inherent":[123],"operational":[128,258],"envelope.":[129],"Fractional-order":[130],"Gr\u00fcnwald-Letnikov":[131],"dynamics":[132],"with":[133],"differentiation":[134],"order":[135],"<italic":[136,218],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[137,219,221],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">q</i>":[138],"=":[139,223],"0.99":[140],"are":[141],"employed":[142],"explicitly":[144],"capture":[145],"hereditary":[147],"memory":[148],"effects":[149],"traffic":[152],"flow,":[153],"including":[154],"long-range":[155],"congestion":[156],"propagation":[157],"demand":[159],"correlation":[160],"timescales":[161],"approximately":[163],"30":[164,276],"seconds,":[165],"which":[166],"integer-order":[167],"models":[168],"structurally":[169],"fail":[170],"represent.":[172],"Lyapunov":[173],"is":[175,260],"rigorously":[176],"established":[177],"using":[178],"Fractional":[180],"Barbalat\u2019s":[181],"Lemma,":[182],"providing":[183],"asymptotic":[184],"convergence":[185,198],"despite":[187],"parametric":[188],"uncertainties":[189],"nonlinear":[191],"dynamics.":[193],"Simulation":[194],"results":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"95.35%":[197],"target":[201],"equilibrium\u2014representing":[202],"an":[203],"optimal":[204],"engineering":[205],"tradeoff":[206],"between":[207],"tracking":[208],"accuracy":[209],"as":[212],"gains":[213],"beyond":[214],"value":[217],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">K</i><sub":[220],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[222],"195":[224],"cause":[225],"failure\u2014alongside":[228],"95.7%":[229],"RMSE":[230],"reduction":[231],"over":[232,238],"classical":[233],"PID":[234],"triple":[236],"dominance":[237],"pure":[239],"adaptive":[240],"control":[241,251],"across":[242,275],"RMSE,":[243],"settling":[244],"time":[245],"(53.4":[246],"s,":[247],"4.3%":[248],"faster),":[249],"energy":[252],"(20,402":[253],"units,":[254],"1.1%":[255],"lower).":[256],"Near-perfect":[257],"compliance":[259],"achieved:":[261],"100%":[262,269,290],"SQI":[263],"adherence,":[264],"99.3%":[265],"FUR":[266],"efficiency,":[267],"DPI":[270],"Monte":[272],"Carlo":[273],"validation":[274],"independent":[277],"trials":[278],"\u00b120%":[280],"initial":[281],"condition":[282],"variations":[283],"\u00b115%":[285],"parameter":[286],"perturbations":[287],"yields":[288],"success":[291],"rate":[292],"coefficient":[294],"variation":[296],"3.47%,":[298],"confirming":[299],"robust,":[300],"production-ready":[301],"performance.":[302],"work":[304],"mathematically":[307],"rigorous":[308],"operationally":[310],"viable":[311],"foundation":[312],"next-generation":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00"}