{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155168654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677","title":"Digital Immune Systems for Civil Infrastructure","display_name":"Digital Immune Systems for Civil Infrastructure","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155168654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3686677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087843977","display_name":"Kay Smarsly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-3503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kay Smarsly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-3503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087843977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74585699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"63875","last_page":"63893"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.6658999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.6658999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13161","display_name":"Ideological and Political Education","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.751800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-architecture","display_name":"Conceptual architecture","score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-model","display_name":"Reference model","score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-infrastructure","display_name":"Civil infrastructure","score":0.3303999900817871}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.751800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6618000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.48919999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162763945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825467","display_name":"Conceptual architecture","level":3,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150189527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356674","display_name":"Reference model","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994238195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121359","display_name":"Civil infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88282795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448108","display_name":"Structural system","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55356503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2136675","display_name":"Reference architecture","level":4,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66862320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842017","display_name":"Building information modeling","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3686677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.15480/882.17067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11420/62976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83fdc9a7a7e04d7b84c3c15b56401976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83fdc9a7a7e04d7b84c3c15b56401976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 63875-63893 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3686677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3686677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5380721092224121,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4183750970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SM 281/44-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Structural":[0],"health":[1],"monitoring":[2],"(SHM)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,25,80,112,125,139,175],"central":[7],"tool":[8],"for":[9,86,90,143,198,224],"managing":[10],"civil":[11,91,225,236],"infrastructure.":[12,92],"In":[13],"modern":[14],"SHM,":[15],"the":[16,20,31,35,46,72,102,107,131,161,178,214,218,233],"physical":[17,47],"structure":[18,48],"and":[19,104,134,146,200,227,240],"SHM":[21,51,190,207,222],"system":[22,52],"together":[23],"form":[24],"coupled":[26],"cyber-physical":[27,36,153,221],"system.":[28],"Due":[29],"to":[30,64,216,228],"networked":[32],"nature":[33],"of":[34,60,101,106,130,148,160,220,235],"system,":[37,110],"threat":[38,135],"categories":[39],"no":[40],"longer":[41],"only":[42],"comprise":[43],"anomalies":[44],"in":[45,118,152,205],"or":[49],"internal":[50],"faults,":[53],"but":[54],"also":[55],"external":[56],"cyberattacks.":[57],"The":[58,93,122,155,193],"combination":[59],"all":[61],"capabilities":[62],"required":[63],"withstand":[65],"such":[66],"threats":[67],"can":[68],"be":[69],"subsumed":[70],"under":[71],"term":[73],"\u201cdigital":[74],"immune":[75,88,109,150,203,211],"system\u201d.":[76],"This":[77],"paper":[78,123,179,194],"proposes":[79],"biologically":[81],"inspired,":[82],"computing-oriented":[83],"reference":[84,94,132,162],"architecture":[85,95,133,163],"digital":[87,149,202,210],"systems":[89,151,204,212,223],"is":[96],"derived":[97],"from":[98],"an":[99,182,188],"analysis":[100],"functions":[103],"components":[105],"biological":[108],"following":[111],"design":[113],"science":[114],"research":[115,231],"methodology":[116],"grounded":[117],"structured":[119],"functional":[120],"abstraction.":[121],"presents":[124,181],"descriptive,":[126],"architecture-level":[127],"formal":[128],"specification":[129],"categorization,":[136],"thereby":[137],"providing":[138],"rigorous":[140],"conceptual":[141],"foundation":[142],"future":[144],"modeling":[145],"simulation":[147],"SHM.":[154],"formalization":[156],"defines":[157],"structural":[158],"constraints":[159],"without":[164,173],"imposing":[165],"implementation-specific":[166],"correctness":[167],"criteria.":[168],"To":[169],"illustrate":[170],"operational":[171],"plausibility":[172],"prescribing":[174],"concrete":[176],"implementation,":[177],"additionally":[180],"illustrative":[183],"use-case":[184],"scenario":[185],"based":[186],"on":[187],"existing":[189],"test":[191],"setup.":[192],"concludes":[195],"with":[196],"recommendations":[197],"implementing":[199],"validating":[201],"real":[206],"deployments.":[208],"Overall,":[209],"have":[213],"potential":[215],"enhance":[217],"resilience":[219],"infrastructure":[226],"stimulate":[229],"interdisciplinary":[230],"at":[232],"interface":[234],"engineering,":[237],"computer":[238],"science,":[239],"immunology.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}