{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154977856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439","title":"Composite-Semantic Control for NEV Styling Using Bayesian Evidence Updating and LoRA-Tuned Diffusion Models","display_name":"Composite-Semantic Control for NEV Styling Using Bayesian Evidence Updating and LoRA-Tuned Diffusion Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154977856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3685439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043665370","display_name":"Yin Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1068-5140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1068-5140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513","https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134024549","display_name":"Xuemei He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513","https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371019","display_name":"Fan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513","https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102966822","display_name":"Yi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7298-9493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513","https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121258561","display_name":"Ning Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115513","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzmf129","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115513","https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47466248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"65942","last_page":"65956"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.2712000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.2712000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.09510000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.0560000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.27239999175071716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158457486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17104301","display_name":"Multidimensional systems","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986605239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Numerical models","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3685439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e80c868844b403d8d626b733e1f12e2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e80c868844b403d8d626b733e1f12e2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 65942-65956 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3685439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3685439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G102308523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22JK0033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5676589249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24YJA760030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7380068969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23JK0048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7886111485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022GY-319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313895","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8161488934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24YJA760030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335982","funder_display_name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313895","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01b9fvd84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335982","display_name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052009270","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2528188384","https://openalex.org/W2570124335","https://openalex.org/W2793011987","https://openalex.org/W3041392657","https://openalex.org/W3174001273","https://openalex.org/W3201900870","https://openalex.org/W4383032630","https://openalex.org/W4385270985","https://openalex.org/W4386142456","https://openalex.org/W4387442187","https://openalex.org/W4390060956","https://openalex.org/W4391899226","https://openalex.org/W4392172801","https://openalex.org/W4396602164","https://openalex.org/W4396994328","https://openalex.org/W4399010217","https://openalex.org/W4399849702","https://openalex.org/W4401118448","https://openalex.org/W4402045663","https://openalex.org/W4402643216","https://openalex.org/W4402884720","https://openalex.org/W4402924557","https://openalex.org/W4403518749","https://openalex.org/W4403557030","https://openalex.org/W4405184883","https://openalex.org/W4406331756","https://openalex.org/W4406354450","https://openalex.org/W4406570459","https://openalex.org/W4406736993","https://openalex.org/W4407410461","https://openalex.org/W4408519954","https://openalex.org/W4409301685","https://openalex.org/W4410934052","https://openalex.org/W4411799034","https://openalex.org/W4411878020","https://openalex.org/W4412073343","https://openalex.org/W4412829413","https://openalex.org/W4413126235","https://openalex.org/W4413295930","https://openalex.org/W4413939823","https://openalex.org/W4414038242","https://openalex.org/W4414651881","https://openalex.org/W4416296549","https://openalex.org/W7084090295","https://openalex.org/W7117324416","https://openalex.org/W7124890304","https://openalex.org/W7128197050"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,99,157],"rapid":[2],"iteration":[3],"of":[4],"New":[5],"Energy":[6],"Vehicle":[7],"(NEV)":[8],"styling,":[9],"design":[10],"intent":[11],"has":[12],"evolved":[13],"from":[14],"single":[15],"adjectives":[16],"to":[17,41,86,117,135],"coupled":[18],"semantics":[19,109],"such":[20],"as":[21,72,83,103],"\u201ctechnological-elegant\u201d":[22],"and":[23,46,78,112,139,148,169],"\u201cdynamic-steady.\u201d":[24],"Existing":[25],"text-to-image":[26],"diffusion":[27],"pipelines":[28],"typically":[29],"rely":[30],"on":[31,128],"prompt":[32],"concatenation":[33],"or":[34],"heuristic":[35],"weight":[36,76],"tuning,":[37],"which":[38],"often":[39],"leads":[40],"token":[42],"competition,":[43],"cross-sample":[44],"drift,":[45],"limited":[47],"controllability":[48],"under":[49],"composite":[50,68],"constraints.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"proposes":[54],"a":[55,73,88,95,104,149],"composite-imagery":[56],"driven":[57],"framework":[58],"for":[59,91,181],"NEV":[60],"styling":[61,184],"generation":[62,179],"via":[63],"Bayesian":[64,92],"posterior":[65,100],"control.":[66,121],"First,":[67],"imagery":[69],"is":[70,81,101,126],"modeled":[71],"probabilistic":[74],"semantic":[75,96,167],"vector,":[77],"CLIP-based":[79],"similarity":[80],"used":[82],"visual":[84],"evidence":[85],"define":[87],"likelihood":[89],"surrogate":[90],"updating,":[93],"producing":[94],"posterior.":[97],"Second,":[98],"treated":[102],"continuous":[105],"control":[106],"signal;":[107],"high-dimensional":[108],"are":[110],"clustered":[111],"compressed":[113],"into":[114],"interpretable":[115],"axes":[116],"enable":[118],"slider-based":[119],"interactive":[120],"Third,":[122],"an":[123,176],"NEV-specific":[124],"LoRA":[125],"trained":[127],"Stable":[129],"Diffusion,":[130],"together":[131],"with":[132,145],"soft-label":[133],"supervision":[134],"inject":[136],"domain":[137],"priors":[138],"improve":[140],"structural":[141,170],"coherence.":[142],"Comparative":[143],"evaluations":[144],"human":[146],"experts":[147],"Multimodal":[150],"Large":[151],"Language":[152],"Model":[153],"(MLLM)":[154],"indicate":[155],"that":[156],"proposed":[158,173],"method":[159,174],"outperforms":[160],"prompt-weighting":[161],"baselines,":[162],"yielding":[163],"consistent":[164],"improvements":[165],"in":[166],"alignment":[168],"completeness.":[171],"The":[172],"provides":[175],"evidence-driven,":[177],"controllable":[178],"mechanism":[180],"early-stage":[182],"automotive":[183],"tasks.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
