{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151041070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177","title":"Reading Between the Signals: A Comprehensive Tutorial on Harnessing Physical Side-Channels for Anomaly Detection","display_name":"Reading Between the Signals: A Comprehensive Tutorial on Harnessing Physical Side-Channels for Anomaly Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151041070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3681177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006961953","display_name":"Kurt A. Vedros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-0664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt A. Vedros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-0664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130358899","display_name":"Hunter Squires","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunter Squires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088023851","display_name":"Constantinos Kolias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-291X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantinos Kolias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-291X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009243659","display_name":"Domenic Forte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenic J. Forte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-7320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089029917","display_name":"Daniel Barbar\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-1038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Barbar\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-1038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39392282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"76030","last_page":"76073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.08889999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.05820000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.2572999894618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7922000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3681177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78cae231178e4d8e8fbac3bf2ac663c3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78cae231178e4d8e8fbac3bf2ac663c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 76030-76073 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3681177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3681177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7719721794128418,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G127156130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE AC07\u201305ID14517","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G358199036","display_name":"PURPOSE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT IS TO BUILD ON THE STATE-OF-THE-ART LABORATORY FACILITIES DEDICATED TO ADVANCING RESEARCH FOCUSED ON CYBER-INFORMED ENGINEERING (CIE). THE LABORATORY WILL SERVE AS A NEXUS FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION, INNOVATION, AND KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION IN THE FIELDS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION, AND SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING. CIE PROVIDES AN INTERDISCIPLINARY, ENGINEERING-BASED APPROACH TO COUNTERING THE ADVANCED PERSISTENT THREAT BY INCORPORATING PRACTICES FROM SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, CYBERSECURITY, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF ADVERSARIES ACHIEVING DEVASTATING IMPACTS AGAINST THE COUNTRY'S MOST CRITICAL SYSTEMS.ACTIVITIES TO BE PERFORMED: \tEQUIP AN INDUSTRIAL CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND TRAINING LABORATORY FOCUSED ON CIE.\tPROVISION REMOTE ACCESSIBILITY TO THE CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND TRAINING LABORATORY.\tIMPLEMENT HANDS-ON TRAINING USING THE LABORATORY EQUIPMENT.\tDEMONSTRATE INITIAL RESEARCH ON CIE.EXPECTED OUTCOMES:\tA FULLY-FUNCTIONAL INDUSTRIAL CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND TRAINING LABORATORY.\tINCREASED STUDENT ACCESS TO RESEARCH AND TRAINING FACILITIES (BOTH ONSITE AND REMOTE).\tRESEARCH RESULTS FROM CIE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED WITH THE NEW LABORATORY EQUIPMENT.INTENDED BENEFICIARIES: NIST WILL BENEFIT FROM THE CONDUCT OF CIE RESEARCH MADE POSSIBLE BY THE EQUIPMENT PURCHASED IN THIS GRANT. THE RESEARCH RESULTS WILL INFORM FUTURE NIST SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS PROVIDING CRITICAL GUIDANCE TO PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS. THE APPLICANT WILL BENEFIT BECAUSE THE GRANT WILL PROVIDE FUNDING TO PURCHASE ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO CONDUCT CIE RESEARCH AND PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE EDUCATION AND TRAINING ENVIRONMENT FOR STUDENTS. THE GENERAL PUBLIC WILL BENEFIT FROM CIE RESEARCH AS IT WILL IDENTIFY WAYS TO MORE EFFECTIVELY PROTECT INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS THAT ARE PART OF THE U.S. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FROM ADVANCED PERSISTENT THREATS.SUBRECIPIENT ACTIVITIES: THERE ARE NO PLANNED SUBAWARDS.","funder_award_id":"60NANB24D159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side-channel":[0],"analysis":[1],"(SCA),":[2],"which":[3,54],"involves":[4],"analyzing":[5],"physical":[6,56],"emissions":[7,57],"from":[8],"devices":[9],"to":[10,32,70,82,201],"infer":[11],"sensitive":[12],"information,":[13],"was":[14],"traditionally":[15],"regarded":[16],"as":[17,39,59,165],"a":[18,40,99],"technique":[19],"for":[20,151,216],"enabling":[21],"cryptographic":[22],"attacks.":[23,116],"In":[24,80],"recent":[25],"years,":[26],"SCA":[27],"has":[28],"been":[29],"increasingly":[30],"applied":[31],"defensive":[33],"purposes,":[34],"with":[35,171,187],"anomaly":[36],"detection":[37,132,220],"emerging":[38,194],"prominent":[41],"application.":[42],"This":[43,117],"survey":[44,118],"systematizes":[45],"the":[46,204,214],"expanding":[47],"field":[48],"of":[49,89,134,206],"Side-Channel-based":[50],"Anomaly":[51],"Detection":[52],"(SCAD),":[53],"utilizes":[55],"such":[58,164],"electromagnetic":[60],"radiation,":[61],"power":[62],"consumption":[63],"patterns,":[64],"acoustic":[65],"signals,":[66],"and":[67,77,114,127,143,150,160,168,178,193,213,218],"thermal":[68],"signatures":[69],"enable":[71],"real-time":[72],"system":[73,104],"profiling,":[74],"authentication,":[75],"attestation,":[76],"malware":[78],"detection.":[79],"contrast":[81],"software-based":[83],"methods,":[84],"SCAD":[85,101,122,135],"provides":[86],"non-invasive":[87],"monitoring":[88],"devices,":[90],"including":[91,109,158,198],"embedded":[92],"systems":[93],"deployed":[94],"in":[95,148],"critical":[96],"infrastructures.":[97],"As":[98],"result,":[100],"approaches":[102,163],"enhance":[103],"robustness":[105,209],"against":[106,210],"sophisticated":[107],"threats,":[108],"code":[110],"injection,":[111],"hardware":[112],"Trojans,":[113],"micro-architectural":[115],"reviews":[119],"over":[120],"50":[121],"methodologies":[123,155],"across":[124],"multiple":[125],"domains":[126],"device":[128],"types.":[129],"The":[130],"complete":[131],"workflow":[133],"processes,":[136],"encompassing":[137],"signal":[138,202],"acquisition,":[139],"reprocessing,":[140],"feature":[141],"extraction,":[142],"model":[144],"evaluation,":[145],"is":[146],"examined":[147],"detail,":[149],"each":[152],"phase,":[153],"dominant":[154],"are":[156,183,196],"compared,":[157],"statistical":[159],"machine":[161],"learning":[162,167],"shallow":[166],"deep":[169],"learning,":[170],"an":[172],"emphasis":[173],"on":[174],"their":[175],"respective":[176],"strengths":[177],"limitations.":[179],"Publicly":[180],"available":[181],"datasets":[182],"also":[184],"discussed,":[185],"along":[186],"experimental":[188],"practices.":[189],"Lastly,":[190],"common":[191],"pitfalls":[192],"challenges":[195],"identified,":[197],"issues":[199],"related":[200],"synchronization,":[203],"impact":[205],"environmental":[207],"noise,":[208],"adversarial":[211],"attacks,":[212],"need":[215],"scalable":[217],"explainable":[219],"models.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}
