{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148922698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447","title":"Miniaturized Multibeam Reflectarray Antenna Based on Mathematical Unit Cell Design","display_name":"Miniaturized Multibeam Reflectarray Antenna Based on Mathematical Unit Cell Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148922698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101490468","display_name":"Ali Ghadimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-0113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ghadimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-0113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086339362","display_name":"Fadhel M. Ghannouchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-1656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092646","display_name":"Calgary Laboratory Services","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ztp19","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126859394","https://openalex.org/I4210092646"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadhel M. Ghannouchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent RF Radio Laboratory (iRadio Laboartory), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-1656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent RF Radio Laboratory (iRadio Laboartory), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020241081","display_name":"Mohammad S. Sharawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad S. Sharawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-8212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074365845","display_name":"Elham Baladi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elham Baladi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-4902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69716955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"52089","last_page":"52101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.8686000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.8686000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-radio","display_name":"Cellular radio","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstrip-antenna","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","score":0.29670000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170349913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13402882","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109026120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369099","display_name":"Slot antenna","level":4,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a8ca059cc0a44c4854fb3426aa7a052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a8ca059cc0a44c4854fb3426aa7a052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 52089-52101 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.44769051671028137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,106],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,38,51,56,61,72,89,186],"novel":[4],"mathematical":[5],"approach":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,34,113,118,126,153,177,182,191,200,210,213,227,239,255],"design":[9],"of":[10,33,58,63,93,102,115,152,212],"miniaturized":[11],"reflectarray":[12,82],"antenna":[13,167],"elements.":[14],"The":[15,44,215,244],"unit":[16,46,84,154,179,202],"cell":[17,47,155,180,203],"geometry":[18,204],"is":[19,48,95,168],"generated":[20],"analytically":[21],"using":[22,181],"combined":[23],"trigonometric":[24],"and":[25,30,60,124,140,170,173,195,205,226,236,257],"logarithmic":[26],"functions,":[27],"allowing":[28],"systematic":[29],"continuous":[31],"control":[32],"reflection":[35,90,100],"phase":[36,91,127,138,142,150,207],"through":[37],"single":[39],"geometrical":[40],"tuning":[41],"parameter,":[42],"\u03b1.":[43],"proposed":[45,178],"implemented":[49],"on":[50,176,209],"single-layer":[52],"RO4003":[53],"substrate":[54],"with":[55,97,251],"thickness":[57],"1.57mm":[59],"periodicity":[62],"0.26\u03bb<sub":[64],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[65,80],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[66,81],"at":[67],"10":[68],"GHz,":[69],"corresponding":[70],"to":[71,77,122,132,135,148,161,199,223],"1.92\u00d7":[73],"size":[74],"reduction":[75],"relative":[76],"conventional":[78],"0.5\u03bb<sub":[79],"(RA)":[83],"cells.":[85],"By":[86],"varying":[87,233],"\u03b1,":[88],"range":[92],"352\u00b0":[94],"achieved":[96],"an":[98],"average":[99],"loss":[101],"approximately":[103],"0.2":[104],"dB.":[105],"compactness":[107],"supports":[108],"dense":[109],"element":[110],"integration,":[111],"increasing":[112],"number":[114],"elements":[116],"across":[117],"aperture":[119,137],"from":[120,130,221],"104":[121],"424":[123],"reducing":[125],"quantization":[128],"step":[129],"6.11\u00b0":[131],"3.18\u00b0,":[133],"leading":[134],"smoother":[136],"distributions":[139],"reduced":[141],"errors.":[143],"These":[144],"characteristics":[145],"also":[146],"contribute":[147],"improved":[149],"stability":[151],"under":[156],"oblique":[157],"incidence":[158],"angles":[159],"up":[160],"30\u00b0.":[162],"A":[163],"single-feed":[164],"multibeam":[165],"RA":[166],"synthesized":[169],"evaluated":[171],"numerically":[172],"experimentally":[174],"based":[175],"addition":[183],"theorem,":[184],"showing":[185],"decent":[187],"performance":[188],"balance":[189],"between":[190,234],"four":[192],"intended":[193],"beams":[194],"low":[196],"sidelobes,":[197],"owed":[198],"compact":[201],"smooth":[206],"profile":[208],"surface":[211],"RA.":[214],"measurements":[216],"show":[217],"peak":[218],"gains":[219],"ranging":[220],"15.33":[222],"16.84":[224],"dBi,":[225],"measured":[228,245],"3":[229],"dB":[230],"gain":[231],"bandwidths":[232],"7.44%":[235],"15.32%":[237],"over":[238],"9\u201311":[240],"GHz":[241],"frequency":[242],"band.":[243],"results":[246],"are":[247],"in":[248],"good":[249],"agreement":[250],"full-wave":[252],"simulations,":[253],"validating":[254],"theoretical":[256],"numerical":[258],"analyses.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-04T00:00:00"}