{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148373417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290","title":"DocSafe: Toward Practical Print-Proof Image Steganography via Frequency Decomposition and Covariance Alignment","display_name":"DocSafe: Toward Practical Print-Proof Image Steganography via Frequency Decomposition and Covariance Alignment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148373417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007881212","display_name":"Farhad Shadmand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-4845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhad Shadmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-4845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046082143","display_name":"Iurii Medvedev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-9681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iurii Medvedev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-9681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004248979","display_name":"Luiz Schirmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-1986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33501960","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","ror":"https://ror.org/01b78mz79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33501960"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Schirmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Col&#x00E9;gio T&#x00E9;cnico Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Col&#x00E9;gio T&#x00E9;cnico Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33501960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060785558","display_name":"Nuno Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-049X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46268716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"54213","last_page":"54229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8967999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8967999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.3395000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6998000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:359f44e501864e5d8937028b2e5555b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/359f44e501864e5d8937028b2e5555b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 54213-54229 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3680290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3680290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5260395371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00048/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323392","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Coimbra"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323392","display_name":"Universidade de Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"hiding":[1],"techniques":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,107,133,135],"robust":[5,68,156],"steganography":[6,27],"and":[7,21,71,91,101,122,142,179],"invisible":[8],"watermarking":[9],"are":[10,161],"important":[11],"for":[12,88,98,104],"applications":[13],"including":[14],"aesthetic":[15],"stamps,":[16],"copyright":[17],"protection,":[18],"privacy-preserving":[19],"communication,":[20],"content":[22],"provenance.":[23],"However,":[24],"existing":[25],"print-proof":[26,155],"methods":[28],"often":[29],"struggle":[30],"to":[31,59,69,118],"embed":[32],"messages":[33,57,160],"in":[34,138,154,163],"small":[35,134],"image":[36,165],"regions":[37,166],"or":[38],"decode":[39],"them":[40],"from":[41,130],"very":[42],"low-resolution":[43],"printed":[44,131],"outputs.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"introduce":[50],"DocSafe,":[51],"a":[52],"framework":[53],"that":[54],"embeds":[55],"binary":[56],"(up":[58],"256":[60],"bits)":[61],"into":[62],"images":[63,132],"while":[64],"producing":[65],"stamp-like":[66],"outputs":[67],"digital":[70,186],"physical":[72],"distortions.":[73],"The":[74],"method":[75],"enables":[76],"region-aware":[77],"embedding":[78],"using":[79,167],"spatial":[80,168],"masks,":[81],"analyzes":[82],"the":[83,99,105,108,139,148],"impact":[84],"ofwavelet":[85],"sub-band":[86],"frequencies":[87],"improved":[89],"robustness,":[90],"investigates":[92],"covariance-based":[93],"losses,":[94],"identifying":[95],"Stein":[96],"divergence":[97],"encoder":[100],"AIRM":[102],"loss":[103],"decoder":[106],"most":[109],"effective":[110],"configuration.":[111],"A":[112],"lightweight":[113],"architecture":[114],"is":[115],"further":[116],"proposed":[117],"enhance":[119],"both":[120],"imperceptibility":[121],"decoding":[123,182],"accuracy.":[124],"We":[125],"achieve":[126],"100%":[127,143],"bit":[128],"accuracy":[129,183],"2\u00d72":[136],"cm":[137,146],"face":[140],"dataset":[141],"at":[144],"3\u00d73":[145],"on":[147],"object":[149],"dataset,":[150],"demonstrating":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"performance":[153],"steganography,":[157],"even":[158],"when":[159],"embedded":[162],"specific":[164],"masks.":[169],"DocSafe":[170],"also":[171],"improves":[172],"visual":[173],"quality":[174],"(ColorHisto":[175],"0.05,":[176],"FID":[177],"4.11)":[178],"maintains":[180],"strong":[181],"under":[184],"various":[185],"noise":[187],"conditions.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-03T00:00:00"}
