{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143308949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850","title":"Integration of a 60-GHz-Band Wide-Coverage Beamforming Array Antenna by Subarray Switching for Three Orthogonal Beams","display_name":"Integration of a 60-GHz-Band Wide-Coverage Beamforming Array Antenna by Subarray Switching for Three Orthogonal Beams","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143308949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3678850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029927553","display_name":"Satoshi Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-8840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103390050","display_name":"Ryukoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tqgb57","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103390050"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Course of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineering, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-8840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Course of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineering, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103390050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050948979","display_name":"Suguru Kameda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6608-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suguru Kameda","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Research Institute for Semiconductor Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6608-3564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Research Institute for Semiconductor Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130915578","display_name":"Noriharu Suematsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noriharu Suematsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["3Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4463-8842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60393118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"50659","last_page":"50674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.6456999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.6456999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.10109999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.06369999796152115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-antenna","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","score":0.3010999858379364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113145756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126859","display_name":"Dipole antenna","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24027999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2176348","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158616128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771260","display_name":"Antenna measurement","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107328001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771262","display_name":"Antenna rotator","level":5,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3678850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd51aa6569ee4a39858613bf6263689c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd51aa6569ee4a39858613bf6263689c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 50659-50674 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3678850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3678850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.736086368560791}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3812026672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJFR205V","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338248","funder_display_name":"Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335153","display_name":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338248","display_name":"Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,128],"this":[1,74,143,196],"study,":[2],"a":[3,10,23,80,83,112,148,176,198,219],"60-GHz-band":[4,18,60,85,150,177],"beamforming":[5,19,50,61,86,122,151],"array":[6,20,37,87,152,179,221],"antenna":[7,62,88,153,157,166,180,209,222,276],"structure":[8,81,114,167],"with":[9,89,203,234],"wide":[11,131],"coverage":[12,67,132,232,258,272],"beamscanning":[13],"capability":[14,26],"is":[15,63,123,133,145,172,192,215],"proposed.":[16],"Conventional":[17],"antennas":[21],"have":[22],"narrow":[24],"beam-scanning":[25],"(narrow":[27],"coverage)":[28],"because":[29],"they":[30],"consist":[31],"of":[32,58,82,92,142,163,229,259,270],"only":[33],"one":[34,104,224,248],"or":[35],"two":[36],"antennas.":[38],"Another":[39],"paper":[40,144],"proposed":[41,275],"four":[42],"orthogonal":[43,97,117],"beam":[44],"switching;":[45],"however,":[46],"there":[47],"was":[48,205,210,242,249],"no":[49],"capability,":[51],"resulting":[52],"in":[53,187,223],"limited":[54],"coverage.":[55],"The":[56,140,159,226],"challenge":[57],"the":[59,66,90,137,155,164,188,208,230,246,256,268,271,274],"to":[64,115,146,174],"expand":[65],"as":[68,70],"large":[69],"possible.":[71],"Based":[72],"on":[73],"background,":[75],"we":[76],"propose":[77],"and":[78,103,161,207,266],"design":[79],"wide-coverage":[84,149],"assistance":[91],"subarray":[93,108],"switching":[94,136],"using":[95,154,181,273],"three":[96,138],"subarrays.":[98,139],"Two":[99],"2\u00d74":[100,105],"dipole":[101],"subarrays":[102],"orthogonal-fed":[106],"patch":[107],"were":[109],"packaged":[110],"into":[111],"one-packaged":[113],"realize":[116,147],"three-direction":[118],"beams.":[119],"A":[120],"2-D":[121],"enabled":[124],"within":[125],"each":[126],"subarray.":[127],"addition,":[129],"seamless":[130],"achieved":[134],"by":[135],"objective":[141],"designed":[156,165],"structure.":[158,277],"integration":[160,201],"manufacturing":[162,189],"are":[168],"significant":[169],"issues.":[170],"It":[171],"difficult":[173],"manufacture":[175],"large-scale":[178],"conventional":[182],"packaging":[183,218],"techniques.":[184],"An":[185],"improvement":[186],"yield":[190],"rate":[191],"required.":[193],"To":[194],"overcome":[195],"issue,":[197],"copper":[199],"ball":[200],"technique":[202,214],"excavation":[204],"utilized,":[206],"successfully":[211,264],"realized.":[212],"This":[213,252],"essential":[216],"for":[217],"total":[220,231],"package.":[225],"measurement":[227,253],"result":[228,254],"area":[233],"over":[235],"10":[236],"dBi":[237],"gain":[238],"at":[239],"60":[240],"GHz":[241],"7.64":[243],"sr,":[244],"while":[245],"ideal":[247],"6.28":[250],"sr.":[251],"has":[255],"widest":[257],"all":[260],"previous":[261],"papers.":[262],"We":[263],"confirmed":[265],"validated":[267],"expansion":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
