{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139966253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334","title":"Cost Minimization in Energy Communities With Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning and Linear Programming","display_name":"Cost Minimization in Energy Communities With Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning and Linear Programming","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139966253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093192111","display_name":"Matic Pokorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3235-9878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matic Pokorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015275866","display_name":"Andrej \u010campa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-5642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrej \u010campa","raw_affiliation_strings":["ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-5642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084487332","display_name":"Miha Smolnikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2655-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miha Smolnikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058221981","display_name":"Mihael Mohor\u010di\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-3966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihael Mohor\u010di\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-3966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993601","display_name":"Jernej Hribar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jernej Hribar","raw_affiliation_strings":["ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29707415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"43920","last_page":"43937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.29350000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.29350000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.11129999905824661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.6362000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-minimization","display_name":"Energy minimization","score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.33660000562667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7095000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.6362000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14961307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377176","display_name":"Energy minimization","level":2,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019966295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341368","display_name":"Energy cost","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d.cobiss.net/repository/si:273377283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d.cobiss.net/repository/si/files/273377283/175438/Cost-Minimization-in-Energy-Communities-With-Multi-Agent-Dee.pdf/terms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055177","display_name":"dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"COBISS-ID: 519839513","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d.cobiss.net/repository/si:273381891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11449152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055177","display_name":"dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dirros.openscience.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=28672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?id=42616&dn=","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196363","display_name":"DiRROS repository (University of Maribor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","host_organization_name":"University of Maribor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ZDA","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76508ce3b9d14f8fa3b27d48f76d0760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76508ce3b9d14f8fa3b27d48f76d0760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 43920-43937 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.43970876932144165,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1770108265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P2-0016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3110938743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MN-000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3332429093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MN-0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6720805604","display_name":"Timeliness of Information in Smart Grids Networks","funder_award_id":"101063721","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,219],"energy":[1,14,24,36,61,77,139,213,229,238],"costs":[2,230],"on":[3,75,166],"the":[4,58,66,70,84,187,200],"rise":[5],"and":[6,16,48,106,144,235],"with":[7,40,63,130,164,207],"ever":[8],"growing":[9],"concern":[10],"for":[11,22,110,211],"environmental":[12],"impact,":[13],"providers":[15],"regulatory":[17],"bodies":[18],"have":[19],"been":[20],"pushing":[21],"dynamic":[23,73,217],"prices":[25,74],"as":[26],"a":[27,115,173,184,191],"means":[28],"to":[29,33,68,94,96,134,171,183,223,226,232,240],"encourage":[30],"load":[31,239],"shifting":[32],"reduce":[34],"daily":[35],"demand":[37],"variance.":[38],"Coupled":[39],"recent":[41],"advancements":[42],"in":[43,137,186,199],"photovoltaics":[44],"(PV)":[45],"power":[46],"generation":[47],"Battery":[49],"Energy":[50,91,111,118],"Storage":[51],"System":[52,120],"(BESS)":[53],"technology,":[54],"this":[55,100],"has":[56],"encouraged":[57],"development":[59],"of":[60,65,72,89,175,203,228],"communities":[62],"one":[64],"goals":[67],"mitigate":[69],"effect":[71],"homeowners\u2019":[76],"bills":[78],"without":[79],"sacrificing":[80],"comfort,":[81],"while":[82,148],"at":[83],"same":[85],"time":[86],"utilizing":[87],"aggregation":[88],"Distributed":[90],"Resources":[92],"(DER)":[93],"contribute":[95],"grid":[97],"flexibility.":[98],"In":[99],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,221],"present":[103],"Mathematical":[104],"Optimization":[105],"Deep":[107,125,176],"Reinforcement":[108,126,177],"learning":[109],"Cost":[112],"minimization":[113,215],"(MODREC),":[114],"decentralised":[116],"Community":[117],"Management":[119],"(CEMS).":[121],"MODREC":[122,153],"leverages":[123],"Multi-Agent":[124],"Learning":[127,178],"(MADRL)":[128],"coupled":[129],"Linear":[131],"Programming":[132],"(LP)":[133],"minimize":[135,190],"cost":[136,193,214],"an":[138,155,160],"community":[140,212],"by":[141],"intelligently":[142],"charging":[143],"discharging":[145],"household":[146,185],"BESSs":[147],"assuming":[149],"non-elastic":[150],"consumer":[151],"loads.":[152],"follows":[154],"LP-guided":[156],"training":[157],"pipeline,":[158],"where":[159],"optimal":[161],"strategy":[162],"computed":[163],"LP":[165],"historical":[167],"data":[168],"is":[169],"employed":[170],"train":[172],"set":[174],"(DRL)":[179],"agents,":[180],"each":[181],"assigned":[182],"community,":[188],"that":[189],"common":[192],"function.":[194],"Our":[195],"main":[196],"contribution":[197],"lies":[198],"system-level":[201],"integration":[202],"LP-derived":[204],"expert":[205],"supervision":[206],"decentralized":[208],"multi-agent":[209],"control":[210],"under":[216],"pricing.":[218],"MODREC,":[220],"manage":[222],"save":[224],"up":[225],"30%":[227],"compared":[231],"conventional":[233],"approaches":[234],"efficiently":[236],"shift":[237],"off-peak":[241],"hours.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}