{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139934446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323","title":"AD-Loc: Robust Localization in IoT Using ANN and DBSCAN","display_name":"AD-Loc: Robust Localization in IoT Using ANN and DBSCAN","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139934446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045142188","display_name":"Alaa Altarazi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa M. Altarazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103714197","display_name":"Nailah Shikri Al-Madi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nailah Al-Madi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062558626","display_name":"Fahed Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-8708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahed Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network Engineering and Security, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network Engineering and Security, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24310086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.0828000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.0828000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.07919999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.0478999987244606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbscan","display_name":"DBSCAN","score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-data","display_name":"Noisy data","score":0.2962000072002411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8101000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114630","display_name":"DBSCAN","level":5,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de445033f7b64c8ba448397917d7deb6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de445033f7b64c8ba448397917d7deb6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 54954-54974 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"localization":[1],"in":[2,65],"the":[3,50,66,96,126,166,172],"Internet":[4],"of":[5,57,107,133,168,175],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"remains":[8],"challenging":[9],"because":[10],"received":[11],"signal":[12],"strength":[13],"indicator":[14],"(RSSI)":[15],"and":[16,26,53,75,85,92,116,122,138,143],"distance":[17],"measurements":[18],"are":[19,160],"strongly":[20],"affected":[21],"by":[22,120,141],"multipath":[23],"propagation,":[24],"attenuation,":[25],"intermittent":[27],"interference.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"AD-Loc":[32,78,99,129],"(ANN\u2013DBSCAN":[33],"localization),":[34],"a":[35,101],"two-stage":[36],"pipeline":[37],"that":[38,148,165],"combines":[39],"nonlinear":[40],"coordinate":[41,68],"regression":[42,151],"with":[43,59,152],"density-based":[44],"refinement:":[45],"an":[46,131],"ANN":[47,150],"first":[48],"estimates":[49],"two-dimensional":[51],"position,":[52],"Density-Based":[54],"Spatial":[55],"Clustering":[56],"Applications":[58],"Noise":[60],"(DBSCAN)":[61],"is":[62,79],"then":[63],"applied":[64],"predicted":[67,176],"space":[69],"to":[70],"suppress":[71],"spatially":[72],"inconsistent":[73],"outputs":[74],"improve":[76],"robustness.":[77],"evaluated":[80],"using":[81],"synthetic":[82],"noise-injection":[83],"scenarios":[84],"two":[86],"real":[87],"indoor":[88],"datasets":[89],"representing":[90],"low-density":[91,97],"high-density":[93,127],"deployments.":[94],"On":[95,125],"dataset,":[98,128],"achieves":[100],"root":[102],"mean":[103],"square":[104],"error":[105],"(RMSE)":[106],"0.0864,":[108],"improving":[109],"over":[110],"particle":[111],"swarm":[112],"optimization":[113],"(PSO)":[114],"(0.1039)":[115],"K-means":[117,139],"clustering":[118],"(1.2607)":[119],"16.84%":[121],"93.15%,":[123],"respectively.":[124],"reaches":[130],"RMSE":[132],"0.196,":[134],"outperforming":[135],"PSO":[136],"(0.257)":[137],"(1.754)":[140],"23.74%":[142],"88.82%.":[144],"The":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"coupling":[149],"coordinate-space":[153],"density":[154,174],"filtering":[155],"improves":[156],"stability":[157],"when":[158],"outliers":[159],"present,":[161],"while":[162],"also":[163],"highlighting":[164],"effectiveness":[167],"DBSCAN":[169],"depends":[170],"on":[171],"spatial":[173],"points.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-03-21T00:00:00"}