{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138895554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007","title":"Agile Phased Array Calibration Strategy for Wireless Power Transfer in Large-Scale Battery-Less Sensor Networks With Cold-Start and Phase Pre-Warping","display_name":"Agile Phased Array Calibration Strategy for Wireless Power Transfer in Large-Scale Battery-Less Sensor Networks With Cold-Start and Phase Pre-Warping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138895554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5976-507X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008195390","display_name":"Tanwei Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanwei Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040514835","display_name":"Troy Buhr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-3097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Troy Buhr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054956020","display_name":"Christopher T. Rodenbeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-0354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Rodenbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130156209","display_name":"John Khoury","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93085520","display_name":"Silicon Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyqfb80","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Khoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silicon Laboratories, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silicon Laboratories, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042214818","display_name":"M.H. Koroglu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93085520","display_name":"Silicon Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyqfb80","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Koroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silicon Laboratories, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silicon Laboratories, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024571753","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Silva-Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Silva-Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71564806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"46220","last_page":"46233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.7354000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.7354000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.12160000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6610999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.3547999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6610999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193860024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180973","display_name":"Phased-array optics","level":4,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81299745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334269","display_name":"Transfer function","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d4f04918e44f49d0b09a063087391424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d4f04918e44f49d0b09a063087391424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 46220-46233 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3676007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3676007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8607036471366882,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8577169254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2521040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3,158],"agile":[4],"phased":[5,164,191],"array":[6,165,192],"calibration":[7,17,42,239],"strategy":[8,18,230],"for":[9,20,50,137,152,157,243],"wireless":[10],"powering":[11],"large-scale":[12],"battery-less":[13,245],"sensor":[14,246],"networks.":[15],"The":[16,40,59],"compensates":[19],"the":[21,26,35,86,94,98,101,114,117,138,168,179,202,210,213,222,225,228,232,237],"systematic":[22],"phase":[23,41,54,65,141,238],"errors":[24],"in":[25,119,217],"transmitter":[27],"(TX)":[28],"panel":[29],"and":[30,56,78,147,204],"wavefront":[31],"traveling":[32],"mismatches":[33],"reaching":[34],"sensors":[36],"with":[37],"unknown":[38],"location.":[39],"approach":[43],"consists":[44],"of":[45,116,126,178,212,224],"four":[46],"stages:":[47],"cold-start,":[48],"fine-tuning":[49,90],"a":[51,69,75,80,89,106,127,133,189],"reference":[52,99],"node,":[53,100],"pre-warping,":[55],"network-level":[57,184],"optimization.":[58],"cold-start":[60,76,87,150,241],"procedure":[61,103],"utilizes":[62],"several":[63],"random":[64],"configurations":[66],"to":[67,97,171,234],"hit":[68],"low":[70,134],"power":[71,95,128,135,169,182],"threshold,":[72],"detected":[73],"by":[74],"circuitry":[77],"then":[79],"handshake":[81],"signal":[82,108],"is":[83,174,231],"transmitted.":[84],"Following":[85],"phase,":[88],"algorithm":[91],"further":[92],"optimizes":[93],"delivery":[96],"entire":[102],"only":[104,123],"requires":[105],"received":[107],"strength":[109],"indicator":[110],"(RSSI)":[111],"transmission":[112],"at":[113,194],"end":[115],"process":[118,151],"one":[120],"burst,":[121],"requiring":[122],"short-term":[124],"activation":[125],"amplifier":[129],"(PA),":[130],"thus":[131],"yielding":[132],"cost":[136],"procedure.":[139],"A":[140],"pre-warping":[142],"engine":[143],"predicts":[144],"optimal":[145],"phases":[146],"eliminates":[148],"repeated":[149],"other":[153],"nodes.":[154],"Simulation":[155],"results":[156],"<inline-formula>":[159],"<tex-math":[160],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$8\\times":[161],"8$":[162],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[163],"show":[166],"that":[167],"delivered":[170],"each":[172],"node":[173],"within":[175],"0.06":[176],"dB":[177,199],"theoretical":[180,205],"peak":[181],"after":[183],"calibration.":[185],"Experimental":[186],"validation":[187],"employing":[188],"16-element":[190],"operating":[193],"2.45":[195],"GHz":[196],"confirms":[197],"&#x00B1;0.77":[198],"gap":[200],"between":[201],"achieved":[203],"maximum":[206],"power,":[207],"thereby":[208],"verifying":[209],"effectiveness":[211],"proposed":[214,229],"methodology,":[215],"even":[216],"electromagnetically":[218],"reflective":[219],"environments.":[220],"To":[221],"best":[223],"authors&#x2019;":[226],"knowledge,":[227],"first":[233],"effectively":[235],"address":[236],"under":[240],"conditions":[242],"purely":[244],"network":[247],"scenarios.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}