{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138878161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937","title":"Beyond Automation: A Systematic Review of AI Teaching Methodologies and a Framework for Human\u2013AI Synergy in Higher Education","display_name":"Beyond Automation: A Systematic Review of AI Teaching Methodologies and a Framework for Human\u2013AI Synergy in Higher Education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138878161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ahmed Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-200X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-200X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039120922","display_name":"Ghassan Malkawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-7561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan Malkawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Information, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-7561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Information, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002073061","display_name":"Yousef Wardat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2370-9808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yousef Wardat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Educational Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2370-9808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Educational Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129838338","display_name":"Firuz Kamalov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186129607","display_name":"Canadian University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/029zgsn59","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firuz Kamalov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-0920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186129607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.3335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96297619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"45948","last_page":"45963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.2500999867916107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.2500999867916107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.13019999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.08569999784231186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.5916000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.39570000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6912000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5916000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777598771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341279","display_name":"Educational data mining","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122783720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183065","display_name":"Interpreter","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56289545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423376","display_name":"Knowledge integration","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188231857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585724","display_name":"Educational assessment","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ce4f2a9f47e480a94832530035483d2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ce4f2a9f47e480a94832530035483d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 45948-45963 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.47561055421829224,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313827","display_name":"Higher College of Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"present":[4],"in":[5],"educational":[6,43,153],"settings,":[7],"yet":[8],"its":[9],"integration":[10],"remains":[11,120],"fragmented,":[12],"lacking":[13],"coherent":[14],"understanding":[15],"of":[16,27,69,130],"how":[17],"teachers":[18],"and":[19,48,134],"AI":[20,44,88,151],"can":[21],"effectively":[22],"collaborate.":[23],"This":[24,123],"systematic":[25,53],"review":[26],"169":[28],"peer-reviewed":[29],"studies":[30],"(2009\u20132024)":[31],"introduces":[32],"the":[33,126,131,140],"<italic":[34],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[35],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">AI-Human":[36],"Synergy":[37,119],"Framework</i>,":[38],"a":[39],"model":[40],"for":[41],"categorizing":[42],"based":[45],"on":[46],"autonomy":[47],"collaboration,":[49],"empirically":[50],"validated":[51],"through":[52],"coding":[54],"with":[55],"exceptional":[56],"inter-rater":[57],"reliability":[58],"(\u03ba":[59],"=":[60],"0.972).":[61],"Our":[62],"analysis":[63,85],"reveals":[64],"significant":[65],"automation":[66,148],"bias:":[67],"45.56%":[68],"implementations":[70],"substitute":[71],"human":[72],"functions,":[73],"while":[74],"only":[75],"4.73%":[76],"achieve":[77],"genuine":[78],"human-AI":[79],"partnership\u2014a":[80],"10:1":[81],"ratio.":[82],"Through":[83],"rigorous":[84],"across":[86],"diverse":[87],"methods\u2014from":[89],"Predictive":[90],"Analytics":[91],"to":[92,143],"Generative":[93,150],"AI\u2014we":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"that":[96],"educators":[97],"are":[98],"predominantly":[99],"positioned":[100],"as":[101,149],"data":[102],"interpreters":[103],"rather":[104],"than":[105],"collaborative":[106,145],"partners.":[107],"While":[108],"recent":[109],"work":[110],"(2023\u20132024)":[111],"shows":[112],"promising":[113],"shifts":[114],"toward":[115],"Augmentation":[116],"(62.5%),":[117],"true":[118],"critically":[121],"underrepresented.":[122],"framework":[124],"provides":[125],"first":[127],"empirical":[128],"quantification":[129],"substitution-synergy":[132],"gap":[133],"offers":[135],"actionable":[136],"implementation":[137],"tools,":[138],"underscoring":[139],"urgent":[141],"need":[142],"prioritize":[144],"design":[146],"over":[147],"reshapes":[152],"practice.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}