{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139092293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624","title":"Reducing Hallucinations in Legal AI: A Retrieval Augmented Generation-Based Model for Accurate Legal Guidance","display_name":"Reducing Hallucinations in Legal AI: A Retrieval Augmented Generation-Based Model for Accurate Legal Guidance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139092293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112298316","display_name":"Shreya Gupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreya Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034064631","display_name":"Vishal Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-1320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130120555","display_name":"Yash Negi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yash Negi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115687302","display_name":"Sathya Karunanithi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sathya Karunanithi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6537-1772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129957450","display_name":"Arunkumar Balakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arunkumar Balakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37633756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"44451","last_page":"44463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.2921999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.2921999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.09480000287294388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09269999712705612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.607699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-risk","display_name":"Legal risk","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-practice","display_name":"Best practice","score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-case","display_name":"Legal case","score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.34709998965263367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.65829998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.607699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433177","display_name":"Legal risk","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334719","display_name":"Legal case","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521078695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4180175","display_name":"Legal practice","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162723807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1911852","display_name":"Legal opinion","level":5,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503263630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3655952","display_name":"Legal ethics","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993995455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150005","display_name":"Legal document","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170692843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15987302","display_name":"Legal profession","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143515210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479662","display_name":"Legal psychology","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ba22c1601cc4939af6febf606e6cb3d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ba22c1601cc4939af6febf606e6cb3d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 44451-44463 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7332392334938049,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322838","display_name":"VIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"expansion":[1],"of":[2,58,97,110,126,142,152,181,198,217,224,231],"generative":[3],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI),":[6],"particularly":[7,134],"Large":[8],"Language":[9],"Models":[10],"(LLMs),":[11],"has":[12],"significantly":[13],"transformed":[14],"various":[15],"industries,":[16],"including":[17],"law,":[18],"by":[19,91],"automating":[20],"complex":[21],"tasks":[22],"and":[23,55,89,115,123,183,189,204,241],"enhancing":[24],"overall":[25],"productivity.":[26],"However,":[27],"these":[28,63],"models":[29,185,226],"are":[30,57],"susceptible":[31],"to":[32,40,168,191,227],"generating":[33],"fabricated":[34],"or":[35],"inaccurate":[36],"information,":[37],"commonly":[38],"referred":[39],"as":[41,85,200,206],"hallucinations.":[42],"This":[43,75,132,219],"phenomenon":[44],"poses":[45],"substantial":[46],"risks":[47],"in":[48,80,112,128,136],"fields":[49],"like":[50],"legal":[51,86,98,113,129,156,233,243],"practice,":[52],"where":[53,139],"precision":[54],"accuracy":[56],"utmost":[59],"importance.":[60],"To":[61],"mitigate":[62],"challenges,":[64],"a":[65,93,150,170,214],"Retrieval-Augmented":[66],"Generation":[67],"(RAG)":[68],"model":[69,105,203,209],"integrated":[70],"with":[71],"LLMs":[72],"is":[73,133],"proposed.":[74],"approach":[76],"grounds":[77],"AI-generated":[78],"responses":[79],"verified,":[81],"authoritative":[82],"sources,":[83],"such":[84],"practice":[87],"guides":[88],"rulebooks,":[90],"utilizing":[92],"customized":[94],"vectorized":[95],"database":[96,173],"documents.":[99],"By":[100],"doing":[101],"so,":[102],"the":[103,108,120,140,160,196,201,207,222,229],"RAG":[104,225],"effectively":[106],"minimizes":[107],"likelihood":[109],"errors":[111],"advice":[114],"case":[116],"references,":[117],"thereby":[118],"improving":[119],"accuracy,":[121],"reliability,":[122],"ethical":[124],"application":[125],"AI":[127],"decision-making":[130],"processes.":[131],"crucial":[135],"high-stakes":[137],"environments":[138],"cost":[141],"misinformation":[143],"can":[144],"be":[145],"significant.":[146],"In":[147],"this":[148],"study,":[149],"total":[151],"17":[153],"recent":[154],"Indian":[155,162],"documents":[157],"sourced":[158],"from":[159],"official":[161],"government":[163],"legislation":[164],"website":[165],"were":[166,186],"employed":[167],"create":[169],"comprehensive":[171],"vector":[172],"using":[174],"an":[175],"advanced":[176],"embedding":[177,184,208],"model.":[178],"Six":[179],"combinations":[180],"core":[182,202],"rigorously":[187],"tested":[188],"evaluated":[190],"determine":[192],"their":[193],"effectiveness.":[194],"Notably,":[195],"combination":[197],"Llama2":[199],"All-mpnet-base-v2":[205],"demonstrated":[210],"superior":[211],"performance,":[212],"achieving":[213],"BERTScore":[215],"F1":[216],"56.87%.":[218],"finding":[220],"underscores":[221],"potential":[223],"enhance":[228],"reliability":[230],"AI-driven":[232],"assistance,":[234],"ensuring":[235],"that":[236],"users":[237],"receive":[238],"contextually":[239],"relevant":[240],"trustworthy":[242],"information.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}