{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138957123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360","title":"A Hybrid Thermal and Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Temperature Rise in Low-Voltage Switchgear","display_name":"A Hybrid Thermal and Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Temperature Rise in Low-Voltage Switchgear","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138957123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018611940","display_name":"Alesandre Alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-403X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103234","display_name":"University of Northwestern","ror":"https://ror.org/019t2rq07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alesandre Alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-403X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062935776","display_name":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio Sausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-8800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103234","display_name":"University of Northwestern","ror":"https://ror.org/019t2rq07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio Sausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-8800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129760985","display_name":"Mauricio De Campos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144729","display_name":"Universidade do Vale do Itaja\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/041pjwa23","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio De Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-2913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129959744","display_name":"Airam Sausen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103234","display_name":"University of Northwestern","ror":"https://ror.org/019t2rq07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Airam Sausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-4145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#x00CD;), Iju&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077342120","display_name":"Adalberto Jos\u00e9 Rossa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144729","display_name":"Universidade do Vale do Itaja\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/041pjwa23","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adalberto Jose Rossa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080536104","display_name":"Jordan Passinato Sausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-4697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144729","display_name":"Universidade do Vale do Itaja\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/041pjwa23","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Passinato Sausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-4697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program of Applied Computing (PPGCA), University of Vale do Itaja&#x00ED; (UNIVALI), Itaja&#x00ED;, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144729"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37403308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"43727","last_page":"43737"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/busbar","display_name":"Busbar","score":0.8288999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switchgear","display_name":"Switchgear","score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sizing","display_name":"Sizing","score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermoelectric-effect","display_name":"Thermoelectric effect","score":0.3702000081539154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192690417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030817","display_name":"Busbar","level":2,"score":0.8288999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93893174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273786","display_name":"Switchgear","level":2,"score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63024428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552456","display_name":"Thermoelectric effect","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117127486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11569191","display_name":"Thermoelectric generator","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131321042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656685","display_name":"Operating temperature","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7943809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1977384","display_name":"Ampacity","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776756539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221620","display_name":"Cogeneration","level":4,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5509ccc10d64ac0a08887622057a580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5509ccc10d64ac0a08887622057a580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 43727-43737 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3675360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3675360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41367828845977783}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,19,225],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,24,202,228],"hybrid":[4],"thermoelectric":[5,58,170],"and":[6,52,70,113,146,167,208,222,241],"data-driven":[7],"methodology":[8,226],"to":[9,27,123,130,172,183,219],"predict":[10],"temperature":[11,98,195],"rise":[12],"in":[13,44,197,234],"Low-Voltage":[14],"Electrical":[15],"Switchgear":[16],"Panels":[17],"(LVESP).":[18],"technical":[20],"approach":[21,76,105],"serves":[22],"as":[23,49,139],"robust":[25],"alternative":[26],"overcome":[28],"the":[29,32,38,64,67,79,96,103,147,153,160,174],"limitations":[30],"of":[31,41,100,134,144,149,155],"IEC":[33],"60890":[34],"standard,":[35],"particularly":[36],"regarding":[37],"detailed":[39],"analysis":[40,233],"localized":[42,107],"heating":[43],"specific":[45],"internal":[46,101],"components,":[47],"such":[48,138],"copper":[50,111],"busbars":[51,112],"electrical":[53,114],"connections.":[54,115],"By":[55],"integrating":[56],"physical":[57,117],"formulations":[59,171],"with":[60,169,201],"machine":[61,185],"learning":[62,186],"techniques,":[63],"method":[65],"streamlines":[66],"sizing":[68],"process":[69],"optimizes":[71],"thermal":[72,108,136,176,232],"performance.":[73],"Furthermore,":[74],"this":[75],"significantly":[77],"reduces":[78],"reliance":[80],"on":[81],"complex":[82],"three-dimensional":[83],"simulation":[84],"software,":[85],"lowering":[86],"computational":[87],"costs.":[88],"Unlike":[89],"conventional":[90],"analytical":[91],"methods":[92],"that":[93],"estimate":[94],"only":[95,122],"average":[97],"increase":[99],"air,":[102],"proposed":[104],"enables":[106],"predictions":[109],"for":[110,159,231],"A":[116],"prototype":[118],"was":[119,180],"developed":[120],"not":[121],"replicate":[124],"real-world":[125],"operating":[126],"conditions":[127],"but":[128],"also":[129],"allow":[131],"systematic":[132],"variation":[133],"key":[135],"parameters":[137],"ventilation":[140],"modes,":[141],"surface":[142],"painting":[143],"bars,":[145],"configuration":[148],"busbar":[150],"arrangements,":[151],"enabling":[152],"creation":[154],"diverse":[156],"training":[157],"scenarios":[158],"predictive":[161],"model.":[162],"Experimental":[163],"data":[164],"were":[165],"collected":[166],"combined":[168],"compute":[173],"effective":[175],"exchange":[177],"coefficient,":[178],"which":[179],"then":[181],"used":[182],"train":[184],"models.":[187],"The":[188,213],"resulting":[189],"model":[190],"accurately":[191],"predicts":[192],"spatially":[193],"resolved":[194],"rises":[196],"different":[198],"panel":[199,236],"configurations,":[200],"mean":[203],"absolute":[204],"error":[205,210],"below":[206],"2%":[207],"relative":[209],"under":[211],"3%.":[212],"complete":[214],"dataset":[215],"is":[216],"publicly":[217],"available":[218],"foster":[220],"replication":[221],"further":[223],"development.":[224],"establishes":[227],"generalizable":[229],"framework":[230],"industrial":[235],"design,":[237],"enhancing":[238],"safety,":[239],"efficiency,":[240],"design":[242],"flexibility.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
