{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137961607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642","title":"Design Tradeoffs in Asynchronous BD Pipeline Styles of RISC-V: An FPGA-Based Comparative Study","display_name":"Design Tradeoffs in Asynchronous BD Pipeline Styles of RISC-V: An FPGA-Based Comparative Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137961607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3674642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129702593","display_name":"Valeeprakhon Tamnuwat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201954162","display_name":"University of Kochi","ror":"https://ror.org/02v1sf687","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201954162"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35568498","display_name":"Kochi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00rghrr56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35568498"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeeprakhon Tamnuwat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-6895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35568498","https://openalex.org/I201954162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406039","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-3154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201954162","display_name":"University of Kochi","ror":"https://ror.org/02v1sf687","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201954162"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35568498","display_name":"Kochi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00rghrr56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35568498"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-3154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35568498","https://openalex.org/I201954162"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103262771","display_name":"Makoto Iwata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-984X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201954162","display_name":"University of Kochi","ror":"https://ror.org/02v1sf687","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201954162"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35568498","display_name":"Kochi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00rghrr56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35568498"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makoto Iwata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-984X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35568498","https://openalex.org/I201954162"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34432204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"51075","last_page":"51092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.3749000132083893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.3749000132083893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.2280000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6969000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-system","display_name":"Asynchronous system","score":0.2711000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6969000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7923308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812211","display_name":"Asynchronous system","level":5,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3674642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2102f94fc49d48df9b8fbd945c30d84b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2102f94fc49d48df9b8fbd945c30d84b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 51075-51092 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3674642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3674642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Asynchronous":[0],"processors":[1],"adopt":[2],"diverse":[3],"pipeline":[4,49,141,152,162,174,186,201,221,226,231,238,246],"styles,":[5,13],"including":[6],"linear,":[7],"frequency-adaptive,":[8],"selective,":[9],"reduced,":[10],"and":[11,18,29,38,72,112,126],"combined":[12,185,237],"to":[14,110,117,124,131,170,182,195,212],"balance":[15],"performance,":[16],"energy,":[17,228],"area.":[19],"However,":[20],"prior":[21],"studies":[22],"remain":[23],"fragmented":[24],"because":[25],"benchmarks,":[26],"tool":[27],"support,":[28],"design":[30],"flows":[31,57],"differ.":[32],"Those":[33],"make":[34],"fair":[35],"comparison":[36],"difficult":[37],"prevent":[39],"a":[40,80,144],"clear":[41],"understanding":[42],"of":[43,158,168,193,210],"the":[44,154,164,199,203,219,224,229,236,244,248],"trade-offs":[45],"required":[46],"for":[47,51,89],"choosing":[48],"styles":[50,142],"specific":[52],"applications.":[53],"Moreover,":[54],"existing":[55],"delay-placement":[56,82,87],"rely":[58],"on":[59,93],"iterative":[60],"synthesis":[61],"or":[62],"manual":[63],"engineering":[64],"change":[65],"orders":[66],"(ECOs),":[67],"which":[68],"are":[69],"time-consuming,":[70],"error-prone,":[71],"inefficient.":[73],"To":[74],"overcome":[75],"these":[76],"limitations,":[77],"we":[78,135],"introduce":[79],"morphological":[81],"constraint":[83],"(MDPC),":[84],"an":[85],"automated":[86],"flow":[88],"bundled-data":[90],"(BD)":[91],"circuits":[92],"FPGAs.":[94],"Compared":[95],"with":[96,104,147,190,207],"conventional":[97],"flows,":[98],"MDPC":[99],"achieves":[100,153,232],"single-pass":[101],"timing":[102],"closure":[103],"reduced":[105,173,230],"slack":[106],"deviation":[107],"by":[108,115,122,129,180],"up":[109,116,123,130,169,181,194,211],"31.66%":[111],"LUT":[113],"utilization":[114],"5.56X,":[118],"thereby":[119],"enhancing":[120],"performance":[121],"11.94%":[125],"energy":[127,166,191],"efficiency":[128],"10.42%.":[132],"Using":[133],"MDPC,":[134],"systematically":[136],"evaluate":[137],"five":[138],"asynchronous":[139],"RISC-V":[140],"against":[143],"synchronous":[145],"baseline":[146],"typical":[148],"benchmarks.":[149],"The":[150,160,172,184,214],"frequency-adaptive":[151,220],"highest":[155],"speed":[156],"gains":[157],"1.11%.":[159],"selective":[161,225],"delivers":[163],"strongest":[165],"savings":[167],"65.85%.":[171],"optimizes":[175],"resource":[176,234],"utilization,":[177],"lowering":[178],"area":[179],"3.12%.":[183],"provides":[187],"moderate":[188,240],"improvements":[189],"reductions":[192],"64.40%.":[196],"In":[197],"contrast,":[198],"linear":[200,245],"exhibits":[202],"lowest":[204],"overall":[205,241],"efficiency,":[206,235],"execution":[208],"slowdowns":[209],"37.76%.":[213],"results":[215],"reveal":[216],"distinct":[217],"trade-offs:":[218],"maximizes":[222],"speed,":[223],"minimizes":[227],"superior":[233],"offers":[239],"gains,":[242],"while":[243],"remains":[247],"least":[249],"competitive.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
