{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135014051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557","title":"A Proactive Defense: An Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) Framework for Maritime Cybersecurity","display_name":"A Proactive Defense: An Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) Framework for Maritime Cybersecurity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135014051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3673557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115065873","display_name":"Ahmed Nagi Nasr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-5032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Nagi Nasr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-5032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058971634","display_name":"Aybars Oru\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3359-068X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aybars Oru\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028282216","display_name":"Ricardo G. Lugo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-5700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Lugo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098006601","display_name":"Inga Zaitseva-P\u00e4rnaste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-4971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inga Zaitseva-P\u00e4rnaste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kuressaare College, Tallinn University of Technology, Kuressaare, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kuressaare College, Tallinn University of Technology, Kuressaare, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082122549","display_name":"Pentti Kujala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-9957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pentti Kujala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-9957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115065873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4551614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"39852","last_page":"39872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.2669999897480011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.2669999897480011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.1387999951839447,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.08829999715089798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-analysis","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-safety","display_name":"Marine safety","score":0.2745000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984003776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764307","display_name":"Marine safety","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3673557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7e2a826dd2a24f878a9d0c510b12195a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7e2a826dd2a24f878a9d0c510b12195a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 39852-39872 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3673557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3673557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536786776","https://openalex.org/W2045346246","https://openalex.org/W2128683226","https://openalex.org/W2399707374","https://openalex.org/W2530015035","https://openalex.org/W2561785347","https://openalex.org/W2564649569","https://openalex.org/W2576686289","https://openalex.org/W2604792326","https://openalex.org/W2805937767","https://openalex.org/W2914381632","https://openalex.org/W2937407420","https://openalex.org/W3000208506","https://openalex.org/W3010409379","https://openalex.org/W3012278620","https://openalex.org/W3013499512","https://openalex.org/W3100759354","https://openalex.org/W3111372804","https://openalex.org/W3217271134","https://openalex.org/W4200009490","https://openalex.org/W4206172203","https://openalex.org/W4220904600","https://openalex.org/W4221150395","https://openalex.org/W4226277360","https://openalex.org/W4255145497","https://openalex.org/W4285049582","https://openalex.org/W4306152344","https://openalex.org/W4312477653","https://openalex.org/W4315779456","https://openalex.org/W4324378992","https://openalex.org/W4367592206","https://openalex.org/W4382808865","https://openalex.org/W4385837620","https://openalex.org/W4386474148","https://openalex.org/W4390503774","https://openalex.org/W4393091490","https://openalex.org/W4394961407","https://openalex.org/W4400278313","https://openalex.org/W4400909928","https://openalex.org/W4401426188","https://openalex.org/W4401979615","https://openalex.org/W4405183104","https://openalex.org/W4405196695","https://openalex.org/W4407062478","https://openalex.org/W4415029341","https://openalex.org/W7116675335","https://openalex.org/W7117763231"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83],"maritime":[1,55,61,92,149],"industry\u2019s":[2],"accelerating":[3],"digital":[4,109],"transformation,":[5],"driven":[6],"by":[7,87],"the":[8,40,76],"widespread":[9],"adoption":[10],"of":[11,13,42,91,99],"Internet":[12],"Things":[14],"(IoT)":[15],"devices,":[16],"integrated":[17],"vessel":[18,105],"systems,":[19],"and":[20,50,80,95,111,137,175,184],"automated":[21],"port":[22],"operations,":[23],"has":[24],"significantly":[25],"expanded":[26],"its":[27],"cyber-attack":[28],"surface,":[29],"rendering":[30],"it":[31],"increasingly":[32],"vulnerable":[33],"to":[34,53,75,158,164,181],"sophisticated":[35],"threats.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"investigates":[39],"application":[41],"Open-Source":[43],"Intelligence":[44],"(OSINT)":[45],"as":[46,128],"a":[47,59,65,88,96],"proactive,":[48],"scalable,":[49],"cost-effective":[51],"methodology":[52],"enhance":[54],"cybersecurity.":[56],"We":[57],"present":[58],"specialized":[60],"OSINT":[62,102,150],"framework,":[63],"comprising":[64],"systematic,":[66],"five-phase":[67],"workflow":[68],"(Identification,":[69],"Collection,":[70],"Processing,":[71],"Analysis,":[72],"Dissemination)":[73],"tailored":[74],"sector\u2019s":[77],"unique":[78],"operational":[79,130],"threat":[81,170],"landscape.":[82],"framework":[84],"is":[85],"supported":[86],"comprehensive":[89],"taxonomy":[90],"cyber":[93],"threats":[94],"curated":[97],"toolkit":[98],"over":[100],"100":[101],"resources":[103],"spanning":[104],"tracking,":[106],"corporate":[107],"intelligence,":[108],"reconnaissance,":[110],"analytical":[112],"platforms.":[113],"Through":[114],"applied":[115],"case":[116],"studies,":[117],"we":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"how":[120],"this":[121],"approach":[122],"can":[123],"identify":[124],"critical":[125],"vulnerabilities,":[126],"such":[127],"exposed":[129],"technology,":[131],"weak":[132],"software":[133],"supply":[134],"chain":[135],"links,":[136],"human-factor":[138],"risks":[139],"derived":[140],"from":[141,160],"publicly":[142],"accessible":[143],"data.":[144],"Our":[145],"findings":[146],"confirm":[147],"that":[148],"provides":[151],"an":[152],"indispensable":[153],"intelligence":[154,189],"layer,":[155],"enabling":[156],"stakeholders":[157],"transition":[159],"reactive":[161],"security":[162],"postures":[163],"proactive":[165],"risk":[166],"management":[167],"through":[168],"early":[169],"detection,":[171],"informed":[172],"vulnerability":[173],"assessment,":[174],"enhanced":[176],"situational":[177],"awareness":[178],"while":[179],"adhering":[180],"proposed":[182],"ethical":[183],"legal":[185],"guidelines":[186],"for":[187],"responsible":[188],"collection.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}